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(回答先: 同盟国にウソ情報も、米国防総省が宣伝戦へ新部局〔読売新聞〕 投稿者 FP親衛隊国家保安本部 日時 2002 年 2 月 19 日 22:25:22)
Pentagon Readies Efforts to Sway Sentiment Abroad
By JAMES DAO and ERIC SCHMITT
WASHINGTON, Feb. 18 � The Pentagon is developing plans to provide
news items, possibly even false ones, to foreign media
organizations as part of a new effort to influence public
sentiment and policy makers in both friendly and unfriendly countries,
military officials said.
The plans, which have not received final approval from the Bush
administration, have stirred opposition among some Pentagon officials
who say they might undermine the credibility of information that is
openly distributed by the Defense Department's public affairs officers.
The military has long engaged in information warfare against hostile
nations � for instance, by dropping leaflets and broadcasting messages
into Afghanistan when it was still under Taliban rule.
But it recently created the Office of Strategic Influence, which is
proposing to broaden that mission into allied nations in the Middle East,
Asia and even Western Europe. The office would assume a role
traditionally led by civilian agencies, mainly the State Department.
The small but well-financed Pentagon office, which was established
shortly after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, was a response to concerns in
the administration that the United States was losing public support
overseas for its war on terrorism, particularly in Islamic countries.
As part of the effort to counter the pronouncements of the Taliban, Osama
bin Laden and their supporters, the State Department has already hired a
former advertising executive to run its public diplomacy office, and the
White House has created a public information "war room" to coordinate the
administration's daily message domestically and abroad.
Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, while broadly supportive of the
new office, has not approved its specific proposals and has asked the
Pentagon's top lawyer, William J. Haynes, to review them, senior Pentagon
officials said.
Little information is available about the Office of Strategic Influence, and
even many senior Pentagon officials and Congressional military aides say
they know almost nothing about its purpose and plans. Its multimillion
dollar budget, drawn from a $10 billion emergency supplement to the
Pentagon budget authorized by Congress in October, has not been disclosed.
Headed by Brig. Gen. Simon P. Worden of the Air Force, the new office has
begun circulating classified proposals calling for aggressive campaigns
that use not only the foreign media and the Internet, but also covert
operations.
The new office "rolls up all the instruments within D.O.D. to influence
foreign audiences," its assistant for operations, Thomas A. Timmes, a
former Army colonel and psychological operations officer, said at a recent
conference, referring to the Department of Defense. "D.O.D. has not
traditionally done these things."
One of the office's proposals calls for planting news items with foreign
media organizations through outside concerns that might not have obvious
ties to the Pentagon, officials familiar with the proposal said.
General Worden envisions a broad mission ranging from "black" campaigns
that use disinformation and other covert activities to "white" public
affairs that rely on truthful news releases, Pentagon officials said.
"It goes from the blackest of black programs to the whitest of white," a
senior Pentagon official said.
Another proposal involves sending journalists, civic leaders and foreign
leaders e-mail messages that promote American views or attack
unfriendly governments, officials said.
Asked if such e-mail would be identified as coming from the American
military, a senior Pentagon official said that "the return address will
probably be a dot-com, not a dot- mil," a reference to the military's
Internet designation.
To help the new office, the Pentagon has hired the Rendon Group, a
Washington-based international consulting firm run by John W. Rendon Jr.,
a former campaign aide to President Jimmy Carter. The firm, which is
being paid about $100,000 a month, has done extensive work for the
Central Intelligence Agency, the Kuwaiti royal family and the Iraqi
National Congress, the opposition group seeking to oust President Saddam
Hussein.
Officials at the Rendon Group say terms of their contract forbid them to
talk about their Pentagon work. But the firm is well known for running
propaganda campaigns in Arab countries, including one denouncing
atrocities by Iraq during its 1990 invasion of Kuwait.
The firm has been hired as the Bush administration appears to have united
around the goal of ousting Mr. Hussein. "Saddam Hussein has a charm
offensive going on, and we haven't done anything to counteract it," a senior
military official said.
Proponents say the new Pentagon office will bring much-needed
coordination to the military's efforts to influence views of the United
States overseas, particularly as Washington broadens the war on
terrorism beyond Afghanistan.
But the new office has also stirred a sharp debate in the Pentagon, where
several senior officials have questioned whether its mission is too broad
and possibly even illegal.
Those critics say they are disturbed that a single office might be
authorized to use not only covert operations like computer network
attacks, psychological activities and deception, but also the instruments
and staff of the military's globe- spanning public affairs apparatus.
Mingling the more surreptitious activities with the work of traditional
public affairs would undermine the Pentagon's credibility with the media,
the public and governments around the world, critics argue.
"This breaks down the boundaries almost completely," a senior Pentagon
official said.
Moreover, critics say, disinformation planted in foreign media
organizations, like Reuters or Agence France-Presse, could end up being
published or broadcast by American news organizations.
The Pentagon and the Central Intelligence Agency are barred by law from
propaganda activities in the United States. In the mid-1970's, it was
disclosed that some C.I.A. programs to plant false information in the
foreign press had resulted in articles published by American news
organizations.
Critics of the new Pentagon office also argue that governments allied
with the United States are likely to object strongly to any attempts by the
American military to influence media within their borders.
"Everybody understands using information operations to go after
nonfriendlies," another senior Pentagon official said. "When people get
uncomfortable is when people use the same tools and tactics on
friendlies."
Victoria Clarke, the assistant secretary of defense for public information,
declined to discuss details of the new office. But she acknowledged that
its mission was being carefully reviewed by the Pentagon.
"Clearly the U.S. needs to be as effective as possible in all our
communications," she said. "What we're trying to do now is make clear the
distinction and appropriateness of who does what."
General Worden, an astrophysicist who has specialized in space operations
in his 27-year Air Force career, did not respond to several requests for an
interview.
General Worden has close ties to his new boss, Douglas J. Feith, the under
secretary of defense for policy, that date back to the Reagan
administration, military officials said. The general's staff of about 15
people reports to the office of the assistant secretary of defense for
special operations and low-intensity conflict, which is under Mr. Feith.
The Office for Strategic Influence also coordinates its work with the
White House's new counterterrorism office, run by Wayne A. Downing, a
retired general who was head of the Special Operations command, which
oversees the military's covert information operations.
Many administration officials worried that the United States was losing
support in the Islamic world after American warplanes began bombing
Afghanistan in October. Those concerns spurred the creation of the Office
of Strategic Influence.
In an interview in November, Gen. Richard B. Myers, chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, explained the Pentagon's desire to broaden its efforts to
influence foreign audiences, saying:
"Perhaps the most challenging piece of this is putting together what we
call a strategic influence campaign quickly and with the right emphasis.
That's everything from psychological operations to the public affairs
piece to coordinating partners in this effort with us."
One of the military units assigned to carry out the policies of the Office
of Strategic Influence is the Army's Psychological Operations Command.
The command was involved in dropping millions of fliers and broadcasting
scores of radio programs into Afghanistan encouraging Taliban and Al
Qaeda soldiers to surrender.
In the 1980's, Army "psyop" units, as they are known, broadcast radio and
television programs into Nicaragua intended to undermine the Sandinista
government. In the 1990's, they tried to encourage public support for
American peacekeeping missions in the Balkans.
The Office of Strategic Influence will also oversee private companies that
will be hired to help develop information programs and evaluate their
effectiveness using the same techniques as American political campaigns,
including scientific polling and focus groups, officials said.
"O.S.I. still thinks the way to go is start a Defense Department Voice of
America," a senior military official said. "When I get their briefings, it's
scary."
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