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(回答先: ユダヤ人に対する敵意がロシアで深まっているとの報告：ハアレツ 投稿者 木村愛二 日時 2005 年 7 月 24 日 20:27:10)
http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/antisemiticletter.shtml
Jewish Organizations to Demand Visa Ban for Russia’s Anti-Semitic MPs
Created: 27.06.2005 14:16 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 14:16 MSK, 11 minutes ago
http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/07/18/basmanny.shtml
Russia’s Basmanny Court Asked Again to Criminalize Jewish Organizations
Created: 18.07.2005 23:43 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 10:59 MSK,
http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/07/21/skinheadsrabbis.shtml
Skinheads Jailed in Moscow for Attack on Rabbis
Created: 21.07.2005 19:02 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 19:02 MSK
http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/07/06/yukosboss.shtml
Israel Unwilling to Extradite Yukos Boss, Expects Anti-Semitic Response From Russia
Created: 06.07.2005 12:15 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 12:15 MSK
以上最近のmosnewsの反ユダヤ的事件のニュースです。過激な暴力行動をするスキンヘッドは特別にユダヤ人を憎んでいるのではなくて、中東、アジア、アフリカ等の移民をより嫌っていると言う話を読んだ気がします。
あんまり気にしてないユダヤ人（イスラエルからの逆移民なんか）もいるみたいです。
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/594544.html
Fri., July 01, 2005 Sivan 24, 5765||Israel Time:01:46 (EST+7)
Anti-Semitism? It's just politics
By Inna Shapiro
The reports in Moscow about the Russian state prosecutor's order to investigate the content of the Kitzur Shulhan Arukh, a 19th-century abridged code of Jewish law (in Russian translation), aroused sharp reactions from leaders of the Jewish community in Russia, but left much of the Jewish public there quite indifferent. Many hadn't even heard about the latest development in the affair, which began early this year when 500 people sent the St. Petersburg and Moscow chief prosecutors a letter demanding that the Jewish religion and Jewish organizations in Russia be made illegal. The letter sparked a public uproar and its authors retracted it. But in March they sent a new, softer and more concise version - this time with 5,000 signatures.
In the new version of the letter, the signatories demanded that the prosecutors investigate the Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh, which they claimed incites to racism, and also the Jewish organization that distributes it. The prosecution initially turned down the request, but this month announced that it would launch a probe. In the wake of the Haaretz report on the affair, however, pressure was brought to bear on the prosecution in Moscow, and the investigation was closed.
"I'm aware of these latest reports and this concerns me," says Ada Soroker, 40, a Jewish resident of Moscow. "But at the same time, I don't believe there's a real threat here."
Every morning on her way to work as a translator, Soroker passes the Israeli embassy in Moscow. Like thousands of other Jews in the city, she holds an Israeli passport. In the early 1990s, she lived in Israel for a few years.
Today Soroker is happy living in Moscow. She belongs to Russia's new middle class, and says that in recent years she hasn't encountered manifestations of anti-Semitism and does not feel there is an anti-Jewish atmosphere in her country. Still, she closely follows reports in the Russian media and Jewish press related to anti-Semitism. She maintains that anti-Semitism is not felt in everyday life and is not a topic of conversation among the Jews she knows. Most are indifferent to political-public affairs and like most Muscovites, are much more concerned with planning their upcoming summer vacations and dealing with day-to-day hassles.
"In Russia today, there's a general atmosphere of patriotism and of the desire to go back to being a superpower. Against this backdrop, some xenophobia is palpable, but less so toward Jews and more so toward the other minorities that live in Moscow - especially those that come from the Caucasus," says Soroker, adding that a good number of Jews are employed at the company where she works, and that the subject of anti-Semitism doesn't come up in their conversations. One of her coworkers, Rima Kievski, says she and her family are aware of the recent reports about the prosecution's inquiry, but adds that the whole affair just seems odd to them. Despite her Jewish appearance, she says she has never been subjected to any anti-Semitism.
Gennady Groysman and his nephew Mark Groysman didn't know anything about the prosecution's decision to launch an inquiry. "If it's true, it makes me laugh, more than anything. It's obvious that for the prosecution to investigate a religious text written hundreds of years ago is an absurd and ridiculous thing," says Mark. He doesn't attribute the letter, which was also signed by politicians from the socialist Rodina ("Motherland") party, to governmental or popular anti-Semitism, but rather to internal political struggles among high-ranking officials. "When the Jews are used as a tool in the political game for the purpose of achieving aims that have nothing to do with them, it really disgusts me," he adds.
Not like the `70s
The Groysmans do not believe that the fuss surrounding the letter is giving rise to an anti-Semitic atmosphere that could threaten their well-being. They, too, say that they do not sense any anti-Semitism these days. In the early 1970s, however, the situation was totally different. Then, because of anti-Semitism, they left the Soviet Union and immigrated to Israel. A few years later, Gennady Groysman emigrated to Canada. His nephew, who had come to Israel with his parents at age 11, finished school there, served in the Israel Defense Forces and studied at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. Then, in the mid-1980s, he decided to join his uncle's business in Canada.
"In Canada, for the first time, I heard the surprising question: `What's your religion?' I grew up in Israel, and for me to be a Jew was and is the most natural thing," Mark explains.
In 1990, 20 years after he left the Soviet Union, Gennady Groysman returned to Moscow for the first time. He came for a short visit. But when he realized the potential and saw the business possibilities in Russia, he stayed. His nephew followed him. They are property developers and have done very well. Today they can be counted among the "New Russians" (as the nouveau riche are called in Russia). "Many of the New Russians are really the `Old Jews,'" Gennady Groysman jokes. He doesn't think that this situation provokes any jealousy or encourages anti-Semitism. "I prefer jealousy to pity," he quips.
He isn't concerned at all about anti-Semitism, and he and his nephew seem to prefer to talk about other subjects that are more important to them - for example, about the new project they've launched together with partners from Israel and Canada: the construction of a new and prestigious residential neighborhood that will be the first of its kind in Moscow, with private homes built in a North American style at very attractive prices.
Says Gennady: "The press in Israel is blowing things out of proportion. I'm not worked up about any investigation by the prosecution. I don't agree that `anti-Semitism is on the rise in Russia.' On the contrary: Nowadays it's good and even prestigious to be a Jew here."
Gennady is married, for the second time, to a Russian woman. He says that both his wives chose of their own accord to change their Russian surnames to his Jewish one - something that never would have happened in the Soviet Union in the `70s and `80s. "My ex-wife didn't go back to her maiden name. She still prefers to go by `Groysman.' As a dentist, it's beneficial for her: Patients have a high regard for Jewish doctors," her husband explains. Even though he, like most of Moscow's Jews, does not take part in Jewish communal life, Gennady says he is proud to be a Jew.
An internal matter
Many Russian Jews interpret the incident of the anti-Semitic letter as an internal political matter related to the power struggles among politicians and political parties. Why the Jews are being used for this purpose isn't clear, and the explanations offered are sometimes peculiar. One is that President Putin is allowing these expressions of anti-Semitism to be voiced in order to be able to denounce them publicly, and thereby be perceived by the world as the defender of the Jews and of liberal values. Another theory relates to the fact that the whole affair of the letter began at a time when the government was taking steps to reduce economic benefits - steps that mainly affected the weaker sectors and pensioners. Russia's Communist Party and its socialist Rodina party, some of whose members instigated the letter, came out against the government's policy and managed to bring thousands of demonstrators into the streets to protest against the cuts. This was extraordinary for Russia, where the public is largely apathetic and not interested in sociopolitical involvement. Some believe the government exploited the public scandal sparked by the anti-Semitic letter to distract public attention from the economic cutbacks, and to hurt the image of the socialist party. Such theories, which can be heard among the Jews, also appear on Internet sites and in the Russian media.
From random conversations with Jews in Moscow, one gets the impression that anti-Semitism in Russia is a marginal phenomenon that is not particularly troubling most of the Jewish public. Sociologist Lev Gudkov, one of the leading researchers of anti-Semitism in the country, reinforces this assessment. He says in the past year, there has not been a significant increase in incidents of anti-Semitism in Russia and that it is still a marginal phenomenon. The anti-Semitic core in Russia hasn't changed and still comprises the same familiar cast of characters that has been around since the late `80s. However, lately, the tone and the political-ideological background to the phenomenon have changed. According to Gudkov, there's a new abrasiveness now: The anti-Semites are allowing themselves to use cruder expressions than they would have during Boris Yeltsin's tenure, and in so doing are making such harsh statements acceptable in Russian political discourse.
Actually, you don't have to be an expert on anti-Semitism to know whether the Jews in Russia feel threatened. All you need to do is look at the immigration statistics, which provide a good indication of Russian Jewry's sense of personal security. In recent years, immigration to Israel has been on the decline. Last year, fewer than 4,000 people immigrated here from the Russian Federation, compared to tens of thousands every month in the early `90s, when the Jews' fear of anti-Semitic harassment was at its peak.
"Anti-Semitism is much less of a danger to Russian Jewry than the demographic situation, which is a real and growing threat," says Dr. Mark Tolts of Hebrew University's Institute of Contemporary Jewry. He cites two main factors that pose a danger to Russian Jews: the low birthrate (less than one child per Jewish woman) and early mortality (life expectancy for Jews in Russia is short in comparison to that of Western countries and Israel). Russian Jewry is thus different from American, British and French Jewry, and the threat to its long-term existence is especially great.
Assimilation, intermarriage and emigration are further accelerating the process: Today approximately 500,000 Jews reside within the borders of the Russian Federation (including those from mixed families), about 240,000 of whom have two Jewish parents. In 1989, there were 910,000 Jews (including Jews from mixed families), 570,000 of whom were born to two Jewish parents. According to current predictions, in 2020, there will only be 130,000 Jews in Russia with two Jewish parents. And this is the optimistic prediction, which does not take into account the spread of diseases like tuberculosis and AIDS.
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