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(回答先: イスラエルのヴァイツマン研究所が、外部刺激を使って記憶を精密に消去できる機構を発見 投稿者 佐藤雅彦 日時 2003 年 8 月 27 日 18:39:50)
先日紹介した下記の記事
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イスラエルのヴァイツマン研究所が、外部刺激を使って記憶を精密に消去できる機構を発見
http://www.asyura.com/0306/health5/msg/508.html
日時 2003 年 8 月 27 日 18:39:50:FnBfYmHiv1JFs
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についての、フォローアップです。
オーストラリアのABC（豪州放送協会）が報じたヴァイツマン研究所の
特定記憶消去研究についてのニュース記事。
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http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s929741.htm
Erasing bad memories?
Anna Salleh
ABC Science Online
Monday, 25 August 2003
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【画像】
Bad memories, such as the Bali bombing, may be able to be erased (Reuters)
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/img/free/bali_abc.jpg
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The day when long-term traumatic memories can be selectively wiped out is one step closer, claim Israeli scientists.
Mark Eisenberg and colleagues from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot report in the current issue of the journal Science that they have worked out a new rule governing the workings of the brain and the erasing of memories.
They say the research - in rats and fish - may pave the way for the development of drugs that wipe specific memories without affecting other memories.
Every memory undergoes a 'ripening' process called 'consolidation' immediately after it is formed. It was previously thought that the only opportunity for erasing a memory - by using memory-erasing drugs for example - was during a small window of time about an hour or two after the memory is acquired, and before it is consolidated.
More recently, evidence has emerged which suggests that the memory-erasing 'window' opens up each time a memory is recalled. However the evidence has been inconsistent - with some old memories found to be erasable, but others not. The research team report they have devised a rule for establishing which memories can be erased and which can't.
Memories come in packages. For example; certain foods bring up memories of taste, a person can be remembered in pleasant or unpleasant contexts, and so on. When we next taste the food or see the person, all of the associated memories are called up in the blink of an eye, but in the end only one of them dictates how we will react. This 'dominant' memory will decide if we eat the food or reject it, and whether we smile at the person or ignore them.
Eisenberg and team found that it is the 'dominant' memories that are able to be erased. They exposed rats to flavours, and fish to flashes of light - associated with both good and bad memories. In both species it was possible to show that the dominant memory was the one that could be erased by giving the appropriate drug within a few minutes of the memory's recall.
The discovery is likely to assist in the future development of methods to wipe out unwanted memories, and thus of treating some kinds of psychological trauma, the researchers claim. Such studies on humans, however, are yet to be conducted.
Commenting on the research, Australian memory researcher Dr Nikki Rickard of Monash University in Melbourne said she was not surprised that the dominant memories were the ones open to being modified. However she was dubious about the development of memory-erasing treatments. Given the fact that memories are recalled in batches, she thought it was unlikely to develop drugs that would be able to selectively erase bad memories.
"You can't ask animals [that have been] given memory erasing drugs whether they have lost other memories that they don't want to lose," she said, adding that there may be ethical problems in testing such drugs on humans.
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●Related Stories
【1】The Rise of the Chemical Soldier, All In The Mind - Radio National 30 March 2003
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/mind/s817005.htm
【2】'Alien abductees' suffer post-traumatic, Health & Medical News 17 Feb 2003
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s786169.htm
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上記の関連記事【2】
「エイリアン・アブダクション体験」の「記憶」なるものが、PTSDの徴候を多く含んだ
偽記憶で生じている可能性を示唆した記事。
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http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s786169.htm
'Alien abductees' suffer post-traumatic stress
Monday, 17 February 2003
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【画像】 Even false memories of being taken by a UFO can trigger post-traumatic stress
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/img/free/ufo.jpg
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Alien abduction stories may be triggered by false memories, but sufferers still exhibit many of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, according to a U.S. study.
Speaking at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Denver, Professor Richard McNally, a psychologist at Harvard University in Boston, said people who recover false memories exhibit many of the same emotional effects as real trauma victims.
His team studied 10 adults who reported having been abducted by aliens, and compared these to eight control subjects who denied ever having been abducted, to measure physiological responses elicited when recalling these memories.
The 'abductees' were asked to record a narrative of their abduction, then another stressful experience in their life, followed by a happy memory and a neutral memory. Tapes of the discussion were later played back to the participants while their heart rate and galvanic skin response (or sweat response) was measured.
The control group, who denied ever having been abducted by aliens, were also measured whilst listening to the same tapes.
McNally found that those claiming to have been abducted exhibited the same physiological responses - increased heart rate and sweating - as victims of real trauma who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as Vietnam veterans and firemen.
"This underscores the power of emotional belief," McNally told reporters.
But there were significant differences between these adults and PTSD sufferers, said McNally. None of the participants were diagnosed as mentally ill, and when asked whether they would go through the experience of alien abduction again if they were given the chance, almost all of the participants said yes.
Many remembered the experience as terrifying, but also very spiritual, said McNally. This differs greatly from the experience of a PTSD sufferer.
Certain characteristics typified the subjects who believed that they had been abducted, McNally noted. 'Abductees' professed to have pre-existing 'New Age' beliastefs such as astral travelling, and a proneness to fantasy. Most importantly, they had episodes of 'sleep-paralysis' accompanied by hypnopompic (or upon-waking) hallucinations.
'Sleep-paralysis' occurs when a person wakens from REM sleep (named after the rapid-eye movement made in deep sleep) and is partly conscious but not fully awake. Dreams often intrude into reality in this state. About 30% of the population experiences sleep-paralysis, and 5% experience hypnopompic hallucinations.
Eight out of the 10 study participants who believed they had been abducted had visited a psychologist or memory recovery specialist, which McNally believes could have translated their waking dreams and hallucinations into 'memories' of alien abduction.
Maryke Steffens - ABC Science Online
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以下は、ヤディン・ドゥダイが発表したこの研究と先行研究のレポートの概略
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Stability of Retrieved Memory: Inverse Correlation with Trace Dominance
Mark Eisenberg, Tali Kobilo, Diego E. Berman,* Yadin Dudai(＋)
Science (in Reports)
Volume 301, Number 5636, Issue of 22 Aug 2003, pp. 1102-1104.
In memory consolidation, the memory trace stabilizes and becomes resistant to certain amnesic agents. The textbook account is that for any memorized item, consolidation starts and ends just once. However, evidence has accumulated that upon activation in retrieval, the trace may reconsolidate. Whereas some authors reported transient renewed susceptibility of retrieved memories to consolidation blockers, others could not detect it. Here, we report that in both conditioned taste aversion in the rat and fear conditioning in the medaka fish, the stability of retrieved memory is inversely correlated with the control of behavior by that memory. This result may explain some conflicting findings on reconsolidation of activated memories.
Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
* Present address: Center for Neurobiology & Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
＋ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: yadin.dudai@weizmann.ac.il
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Memory Extinction, Learning Anew, and Learning the New: Dissociations in the Molecular Machinery of Learning in Cortex
Diego E. Berman, Yadin Dudai*
Science (in Reports)
Volume 291, Number 5512, Issue of 23 Mar 2001, pp. 2417-2419.
The rat insular cortex (IC) subserves the memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), in which a taste is associated with malaise. When the conditioned taste is unfamiliar, formation of long-term CTA memory depends on muscarinic and -adrenergic receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein synthesis. We show that extinction of CTA memory is also dependent on protein synthesis and -adrenergic receptors in the IC, but independent of muscarinic receptors and MAPK. This resembles the molecular signature of the formation of long-term memory of CTA to a familiar taste. Thus, memory extinction shares molecular mechanisms with learning, but the mechanisms of learning anew differ from those of learning the new.
Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100,?Israel.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at yadin.dudai@weizmann.ac.il
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This article has been cited by other articles:
●Eisenberg, M., Kobilo, T., Berman, D. E., Dudai, Y. (2003). Stability of Retrieved Memory: Inverse Correlation with Trace Dominance. Science 301: 1102-1104
●Lin, C.-H., Yeh, S.-H., Leu, T.-H., Chang, W.-C., Wang, S.-T., Gean, P.-W. (2003). Identification of Calcineurin as a Key Signal in the Extinction of Fear Memory. J. Neurosci. 23: 1574-1579
●Berman, D. E., Hazvi, S., Stehberg, J., Bahar, A., Dudai, Y. (2003). Conflicting Processes in the Extinction of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Behavioral and Molecular Aspects of Latency, Apparent Stagnation, and Spontaneous Recovery. Learn. Mem. 10: 16-25
●Kraus, M., Schicknick, H., Wetzel, W., Ohl, F., Staak, S., Tischmeyer, W. (2002). Memory Consolidation for the Discrimination of Frequency-Modulated Tones in Mongolian Gerbils Is Sensitive to Protein-Synthesis Inhibitors Applied to the Auditory Cortex. Learn. Mem. 9: 293-303
●Schimanski, L. A., Wahlsten, D., Nguyen, P. V. (2002). Selective Modification of Short-Term Hippocampal ●Synaptic Plasticity and Impaired Memory Extinction in Mice with a Congenitally Reduced Hippocampal Commissure. J. Neurosci. 22: 8277-8286
●Berman, D. E. (2002). For Each a Road. Learn. Mem. 9: 97-98
●Santini, E., Muller, R. U., Quirk, G. J. (2001). Consolidation of Extinction Learning Involves Transfer from NMDA-Independent to NMDA-Dependent Memory. J. Neurosci. 21: 9009-9017
●Vianna, M. R. M., Szapiro, G., McGaugh, J. L., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, I. (2001). Retrieval of memory for fear-motivated training initiates extinction requiring protein synthesis in the rat hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98: 12251-12254
●Lu, K.-T., Walker, D. L., Davis, M. (2001). Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade in the Basolateral Nucleus of Amygdala Is Involved in Extinction of Fear-Potentiated Startle. J. Neurosci. 21: RC162-162
●Lattal, K. M., Abel, T. (2001). Different Requirements for Protein Synthesis in Acquisition and Extinction of Spatial Preferences and Context-Evoked Fear. J. Neurosci. 21: 5773-5780
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