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投稿者 佐藤雅彦 日時 2001 年 4 月 07 日 01:01:40:
回答先: Re: 口蹄疫について 投稿者 ＭＡＳＡ 日時 2001 年 4 月 06 日 23:17:33:
「尚、口蹄疫は、人に感染することはなく、また、感染牛
の乳肉は市場に出回ることは一切ありませんが、仮に感染
牛の乳肉を摂取しても人体に影響はありません。」
――これは真っ赤なウソですな。嘘つきは政治家の始まり
ですよ〜【笑】
英国を代表する医学専門誌『BMJ』で、最近、ヒトに感染し
た口蹄疫の事例が話題になりました。
それによれば、口蹄疫は一応「人畜共通伝染病」なのです
が、めったに感染するヒトはいないようですね。
19世紀には、口蹄疫に感染したウシの牛乳――ただし殺菌
していない原乳――を飲んで、ヒトに感染することを実証
した獣医もいたとのこと。
以下に『BMJ』の関係記事を紹介しておきます。
http://www.unknowncountry.com/news/?id=415
Man Got Foot-and-Mouth: Bad Luck or Trend?
30-Mar-2001
British medical records indicate that one man contracted Foot-and-mouth disease, previously thought to only affect livestock.
During an isolated outbreak of Foot-and-mouth in 1966, Bobby Brewis, aged 35, was diagnosed with the disease and quarantined. The British Medical Journal published an article about the case at the time, saying, "The patient described his lesions as uncomfortable and tingling, while the tongue was hot, tingling and sore." Brewis died 6 years ago, but Foot-and-mouth had no long-term effects on his health.
Scientists say that the virus can be transmitted to humans if they come into direct and prolonged contact with infected animals. Why Brewis would have been in extended physical contact with infected animals is not known.
●口蹄疫[こうていえき]は、かつては家畜にしか感染しない病気だと考えられていた。しかし英国では、１人の男性が口蹄疫に罹ったことを示す医学記録がある。
1966年に口蹄疫の単発的な感染爆発が起きたが、その流行中にボビー・ブルーズという35歳の男性が「口蹄疫に罹った」と診断されて隔離された。『ブリティッシュ・メディカル・ジャーナル』誌は当時、この感染例を報告した１編の論文を載せたが、そのなかで、「患者は病変に不快感と刺すような痛みを感じ、舌は熱っぽくて刺すようなズキズキした痛みを感じる、と語っている」という記述が見られる。ブルーズ氏は６年前に他界したが、口蹄疫は彼の健康に長期的な影響を残さなかった。
学者たちは、口蹄疫に感染した動物と長期的かつ直接的な接触を続けていると口蹄疫ウイルスはヒトにも感染しうる、と語っている。しかしブルーズ氏が感染動物と直接的な接触を長期間おこなっていたかどうかは不明である。
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http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7286/565
BMJ 2001;322:565-566 ( 10 March )
Editorials
Foot and mouth disease: the human consequences
The health consequences are slight, the economic ones huge
●社説：口蹄疫がヒトに及ぼす影響
――健康被害よりも経済被害のほうが甚大である
The current major outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the latest in a series of disasters that are putting British agriculture under stress.(1) The disease affects all cloven-hoofed animals and is the most contagious of animal diseases. It is caused by a virus of the family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus, of which there are seven serotypes (O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1). The current outbreak in the United Kingdom is due to the highly virulent pan-Asiatic serotype O.(1) In animals the disease presents with acute fever, followed by the development of blisters chiefly in the mouth and on the feet. Infected animals secrete numerous virus particles before clinical signs appear.(2)
Foot and mouth disease is a zoonosis, a disease transmissible to humans, but it crosses the species barrier with difficulty and with little effect. （口蹄疫は人畜共通伝染病でヒトにも伝播しうるが、種間障壁を越えて感染することになるので、ヒトへの感染は容易ではないし、［病理学的な］危害をヒトに及ぼすことは殆どない。） Given the high incidence of the disease in animals, both in the past and in more recent outbreaks worldwide, its occurrence in man is rare(3) so ex perience of the human infection is limited. The last human case reported in Britain occurred in 1966, during the last epidemic of foot and mouth disease.(4) The circumstances in which it does occur in humans are not well defined, though all reported cases have had close contact with infected animals. There is one report from 1834 of three veterinarians acquiring the disease from deliberately drinking raw milk from infected cows.(5) （口蹄疫のヒトへの感染例として最近報告されたのは1966年の口蹄疫感染流行中に起きた男性[ブルーズ氏]への感染例である。これまで報告されたヒトへの口蹄疫感染例はすべて感染動物との直接的接触だったのだが、どのような状況でヒトに感染するのかはいまだ不明な部分が多い。1834年に３人の獣医が口蹄疫に感染したことがあったが、これは感染したウシから得た原乳をわざと飲んで人為的に感染したという報告が残されている。） There is no report of infection from pasteurised milk, and the Food Standards Agency considers that foot and mouth disease has no implications for the human food chain.
The type of virus most often isolated in humans is type O followed by type C and rarely A. The incubation period in humans is 2-6 days. Symptoms have mostly been mild and self limiting, mainly uncomfortable tingling blisters on the hands but also fever, sore throat, and blisters on the feet and in the mouth, including the tongue.(3) Patients have usually recovered a week after the last blister formation. In the unlikely event of human cases in the current outbreak in Britain they should be reported to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (0208 200 6868) duty doctor, who can direct professional inquiries towards expert advice on management and diagnosis.(2) Suspected and confirmed human cases must have no contact with susceptible livestock to avoid transmitting the disease. Person to person spread has not been reported.
Foot and mouth disease should not be confused with the human disease hand, foot, and mouth disease. This is an unrelated and usually mild viral infection, principally of children, caused by different viruses, principally coxsackie A virus.(6)
Foot and mouth disease is endemic in many countries, including much of Africa, Asia, and South America, where its importance relates to the reduced productivity of livestock, the cost of vaccination, and the restrictions placed on international trade in live animals and animal products.(7) To be listed among the "FMD free countries where vaccination is not practised" the Office International des Epizooties, the international regulatory body concerned with animal infections,(8) requires a country to have a record of regular and prompt animal disease reporting and to supply documented evidence of an effective system of surveillance. Such a country should also not import animals vaccinated against foot and mouth disease(9) since serological testing cannot differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals. A "foot and mouth free zone" may be established in a country in which parts are infected, separated from the rest by a buffer zone.
As international trade barriers become increasingly subject to scrutiny, foot and mouth disease remains one of the few remaining const raints to international trade in live animals and animal products. The occurrence of even a single case of foot and mouth disease in a previously disease free country results in an immediate ban on an economically valuable export trade. The European Commission in 1990-1, after undertaking a cost benefit analysis, implemented a policy of non-vaccination to increase export opportunities and to ensure high animal health standards.(10) This outbreak containment policy requires an export ban on all livestock and animal products from any affected country, along with movement restrictions and the slaughter and burning of all cloven-hoofed animals that are either infected, on infected premises, or in contact with infected animals. Until now the European Union has remained free of foot and mouth disease since an outbreak in Greece in 1996.
The highest risk to European Union countries is through legal and illegal imports of infected live animals and contaminated meat or dairy products from infected countries then being eaten by animals. International travellers bringing back food from endemic countries could spread the disease. The foot and mouth disease virus can survive for long periods in a range of fresh, partially cooked, cured, and smoked meats and in inadequately pasteurised dairy products. Currently animals and animal products need to be checked only when they enter the European Union. Once inside, and with correct documentation, they can be moved around without restriction. For these reasons other countries have banned the import of animal products from the UK.
Spread of the virus is facilitated by the development of long distance animal trading. Dense livestock populations may also enhance local spread in the vicinity of an outbreak. Awareness of the disease among livestock owners is crucial, as are the UK's excellent diagnostic facilities. Spread can take place on the wind and mechanically by the movement of animals, people, and vehicles that have been contaminated with the virus. Thus the whole British population has a role in combating the disease. Restriction of non-essential movement both into and out of affected farms and more widely in the countryside is important. This is requiring close collaboration between veterinary, health, and local authorities. If these measures are not successful, however, the major review of safeguards announced by the agriculture minister may lead to major changes in animal husbandry in the UK.(11)
Henry Prempeh, specialist registrar public health medicine.
Robert Smith, clinical scientist (zoonoses).
(robert.smith@cdsc.wales.nhs.uk)
Berit Muller, epidemiologist.
PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London NW9 5EQ
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1. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Foot and mouth disease - FAQ [online]. London: MAFF, 2001. www.maff.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/fmd/qa1.htm. (Accessed 05 M
arch 2001). This site is being regularly updated during this outbreak.
2. Foot and mouth disease outbreak- no threat to public health. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 2001; 11: 1-2.
3. Bauer K. Foot-and-mouth disease as zoonosis. Arch Virol 1997; 13 (suppl): 95-97[Medline].
4. Armstrong R, Davie J, Hedger RS. Foot-and-mouth disease in man. BMJ 1967; 4: 529-530[Medline].
5. Hertwig CA. ?bertragung tierischer Ansteckungsstoffe auf den Menschen. Med Vet Z 1834;48.
6. Chin J, ed. Coxsackievirus diseases. In: Control of communicable diseases manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000:129-131.
7. Donaldson AI, Doel TR. Foot-and-mouth disease: the risk for Great Britain after 1992. Vet Record 1992; 8 Aug;131:114-20.
8. Kitching RP. Foot and mouth disease: current world situation. Vaccine 1999; 17: 1772-1774[Medline].
9. Recommendations applicable to specific diseases: Foot and mouth disease International Animal Health Code - 2000. Paris: Office International des Epizooties, 2000.
10. Report from the Commission to the Council on a study carried out by the Commission on policies currently applied by Member States in the control of foot-and-mouth disease. Brussels: CEC, 1989.
11. Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Foot and mouth disease: thorough review of measures to reduce disease risk [online]. , 2001:3 Mar. http://www.maff.gov.uk/inf/newsrel/2001/010303a.htm
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Hoof And Mouth Is Not A Transmissable Disease
Daniel H Duffy Sr, Famil doctor , Geneva, Ohio, USA
bmj.com, 9 Mar 2001 [Response]
Paradox
Ron Law
bmj.com, 9 Mar 2001 [Response]
Foot and Mouth Disease
Dr JK Anand, Retired public health physician
bmj.com, 10 Mar 2001 [Response]
Good information matters
Dr. Piet Vanthemsche, veterinarian , Brussels, Belgium
bmj.com, 12 Mar 2001 [Response]
Greek outbreak in 2000
Victor Briones, Associate professor infectious diseases , School of Vet Med in Madrid
bmj.com, 13 Mar 2001 [Response]
Sub-clinical infection
Dr. Christopher Rollinson, Project manager , Phase 1 CTU Ltd
bmj.com, 14 Mar 2001 [Response]
Foot and mouth disease - human consequences
Hugh G. Morton, Retired psychiatrist
bmj.com, 14 Mar 2001 [Response]
Re: Hoof And Mouth Is Not A Transmissable Disease
John P. Heptonstall, Director of the Morley Acupuncture Clinic and Complementary Therapy Centre , West Yorks
bmj.com, 15 Mar 2001 [Response]
Foot and Mouth Editorial
Dr JK Anand, Retired public health physician
bmj.com, 20 Mar 2001 [Response]
Method of prinary screening
DR. KEREN GERSHON & DR. ROMANO AMALIA, INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPECIALIST , TEL-AVIV, ISRAEL
bmj.com, 22 Mar 2001 [Response]
Re: Method of prinary screening
John P Heptonstall, Director of the Morley Acupuncture Clinic and Complementary T
herapy Centre , West Yorkshire
bmj.com, 22 Mar 2001 [Response]
Foot-and-mouth disease in humans: troubling case report
Dr.Thomas Pringle, Scientific Consultant , Sperling Biomedical
bmj.com, 27 Mar 2001 [Response]
Wider health implications
Gillian Gibson, environmental consultant , Wirral Health Authority (secondment)
bmj.com, 28 Mar 2001 [Response]
Hazards to human health from carcass disposal
Dr Nigel Calvert, Consultant in Communicable Disease Control , North Cumbria Health Authority
bmj.com, 3 Apr 2001 [Response]
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http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/322/7286/565#EL12
Foot-and-mouth disease in humans: troubling case report 28 March 2001
Dr.Thomas Pringle,
Scientific Consultant
Sperling Biomedical
The BMJ account quoted the right paper but neglected to give details:
Foot-and-mouth disease in humans: troubling case report
Monday March 26 By Richard Woodman Reuters Health
"Although rare, foot-and-mouth disease can infect humans, according to an old copy of the British Medical Journal that records how a 35-year-old man caught foot-and-mouth disease in 1966. The journal report was dug out of the archives on Monday as the current animal epidemic continued to spread remorselessly across the countryside. [Armstrong R et al. Foot-and-mouth disease in man. BMJ 1967; 4: 529-530]
...No cases of human infection have been reported, but the BMJ case shows the possibility cannot be ruled out. The report says the patient became ill in July 1966--six days after an outbreak of foot-and-mouth developed on the farm where he lived with his brother in Northumberland.
The man--now known to have been Mr. Bobby Brewis--watched but took no part in the slaughter of the farm's animals on 24 July 1966. However one of the affected animals was a cow that supplied milk used in the farmhouse.
``On 28th July he complained of a sore throat, which became worse on the 29th. On the 30th he had a temperature of 99 F (37.2 C), an inflamed throat, and a few blisters on the palms and dorsa of both hands.
``On 31st July his temperature was normal but the blisters on his hands had increased in number. There were two further blisters between his toes and five or six wheals on the side and front of his tongue.
``The patient described his lesions as uncomfortable and tingling, while the tongue was hot, tingling and sore.'' The blisters disappeared after several weeks only for a fresh set to develop a week later, and again after five months.
Mr. Brewis's daughter, Amanda, told The Times of London on Monday that her father's illness had mystified the medical profession. ``He always knew he was a quirk of British medical history. In a way he was proud of it. He was a bit of a teaser and a prankster. He used to joke about how he must really be an animal.'' Mr. Brewis, who died six years ago, was living at his farm in the hamlet of Yetlington on the edge of the Cheviot H ills during the 1966 outbreak.The Department of Health made no immediate comment on the rare case."
Then there was this report:
Foot- and-mouth disease as zoonosis.
Arch Virol Suppl 1997;13:95-7 by Bauer K
"Man's susceptibility to the virus of foot- and-mouth disease (FMD) was debated for many years. Today the virus has been isolated and typed (type O, followed by type C and rarely A) in more than 40 human cases. So no doubt remains that FMD is a zoonosis. Considering the high incidence of the disease (in animals) in the past and in some areas up to date, occurrence in man is quite rare.
In the past when FMD was endemic in Central Europe many cases of diseases in man showing vesicles in the mouth or on the hands and feet were called FMD."
Comment: On the one hand, this is a huge improvement over the dozens of press accounts that have stated point-blank that humans cannot get foot-and-mouth disease. And yet the symptoms do not sound all that mild as the current BMJ account would give them. One wonders if there would not be serious problems in a large population that would contain many people with compromised immune systems. As with BSE, is the answer to bury the problem under a stack of misinformation and hollow reassurances?
題名には必ず「阿修羅さんへ」と記述してください。