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●“９・１１事変”以降、英米のエンターテインメント産業のスターたちが
戦争反対の声を次々とあげてきましたが、全部とは到底いえないまでも
一部の動向は下記の投稿で紹介してきました。
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http://asyura.com/2002/war14/msg/592.html
WA14 592 2002/8/19 03:57:33
題 名: ハリウッド女優スーザン・サランドンが米国の対イラク戦争計画に反対の声を上げた
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http://asyura.com/2003/war19/msg/517.html
WA19 517 2002/11/29 03:23:11
題 名: "Moron" the Bush の禁じられたCMがダウンロードで見れます
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http://asyura.com/2003/war19/msg/520.html
WA19 520 2002/11/29 05:46:40
題 名: ブッシュを「バカ」、ブレアを「狆（ちん）」呼ばわりしたジョージ・マイケルの「Shoot the Dog」
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http://asyura.com/2003/war19/msg/557.html
WA19 557 2002/11/30 07:51:19
題 名: 反戦ポップス「犬野郎を撃ち殺せ！」をめぐる騒動直後の報道：ジョージ・マイケル、米国の怒りにおびえる
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【英文記事ばかりですが……】ポップスターたちの反戦運動
http://www.asyura.com/2003/war25/msg/172.html
WA25 172 2003/3/04 23:55:43
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「米・同時多発テロ」に言及したBeats21サイトのポップス関係記事リスト
http://www.asyura.com/2003/war25/msg/237.html
WA25 237 2003/3/05 21:42:26
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デイヴィッド・バーンとラッセル・シモンズ、“反戦”を語る
http://www.asyura.com/2003/war25/msg/247.html
WA25 247 2003/3/05 23:06:13
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米国映画俳優組合が、反戦俳優の「ブラックリスト」化を警戒する声明を発表
http://www.asyura.com/2003/war25/msg/248.html
WA25 248 2003/3/05 23:07:30
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「女の平和」プロジェクト――女たちが対イラク戦争反対でセックス・ボイコットを提唱
http://www.asyura.com/2003/war25/msg/276.html
WA25 276 2003/3/06 09:57:20
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●今回は、BBCが報じた芸能人の反戦アピールの続きです。
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2814295.stm
Last Updated: Monday, 3 March, 2003, 15:04 GMT
Actors' global war protest
【世界中の俳優たちが反戦の意思を示し始めた】
Stage actors across the globe are holding an international protest against a possible war with Iraq.
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写真：About 300 people held a "masked chorus of disapproval" in London
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A series of readings of Aristophanes' anti-war comedy Lysistrata is being held in more than 900 venues in 56 countries on Monday, say the organisers.
Richard Wilson, Joseph Fiennes and Lindsay Duncan were among 300 people who wore Greek-style masks to stage a three-minute silence in London's Parliament Square, before reading an extract from the play.
Aristophanes set the work in ancient Greece, where women withhold sex until the men agree to outlaw war.
●●'Magic moment'
Organisers have described the Lysistrata Project as the biggest act of dissent ever made in the theatre world.
It was first thought of in New York in early January by two actresses, Kathryn Blume and Sharron Bower.
Blume was working on a modern adaptation of Lysistrata as a screenplay, when she heard about a group called Theaters Against War.
They were urging theatre companies to put an anti-war statement in their programmes or make a curtain speech against war.
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「Some of the best actors in Iceland - more than 20 - will take part 」
――Stefan Baldursson（National Theatre of Iceland ）
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Blume considered doing a reading of Lysistrata as her contribution and then Bower called to suggest they work together on something.
Blume said: "It was a magic moment in the history of politics and theatre.
"It turned into something very large, very fast."
After they set up a website, e-mails began arriving from all over the world.
●●Parliament chorus
They say the latest count was heading beyond 919 readings in 56 countries, including Venezuela, China, India and Honduras.
Stefan Baldursson, artistic director of the National Theatre of Iceland, said: "Everyone wants peace and I thought it was good to take part in this.
"Some of the best actors in Iceland - more than 20 - will take part.
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写真：There have been mass protests against possible war
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"It's a very good and funny translation, too, made directly form the original Greek."
In London, stars such as Susannah York and Sheila Hancock also joined in what organisers described as a "masked chorus of disapproval" in Parliament Square.
A public reading of a version of the Aristophanes comedy is being held at the Pleasance Theatre in Islington later on Monday.
Blume and Bower will be involved behind the scenes at a celebrity-filled production in New York, which includes F Murray Abraham and Kevin Bacon.
A reading in Los Angeles is led by Julie Christie and Eric Stoltz.
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「It seems now that pretty much everyone knows who we are - they just haven't seen our faces or know our work 」
――Kathryn Blume（Co-organiser ）
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In Paloma Blanca Coffeehouse in Questa, New Mexico, the organiser Anne Constanza said: "There is no director. Each reader will bring to the reading whatever they want, in terms of preparedness, props and costumes."
Blume and Bower say they have spent a couple of thousand dollars on the project.
"Sharron and I will both tell you that we came to New York to become megastars.
"That has not happened in the theatrical realm, although it seems now that pretty much everyone knows who we are - they just haven't seen our faces or know our work."
The protest follows similar pleas made by individuals in Hollywood.
Movie stars Kevin Spacey, George Clooney and Sean Penn are among those to speak out against the policy of their president.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2812895.stm
Last Updated: Sunday, 2 March, 2003, 14:27 GMT
Spacey appeals for peace
【ケヴィン・スペイシーが平和を訴える】
Hollywood star Kevin Spacey joined the growing list of celebrities against a war with Iraq as he called for a diplomatic solution.
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写真：Spacey joins George Clooney and Sean Penn in opposing war
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Spacey said he hoped the United States' history of finding a peaceful end to tensions would prevail.
"I don't feel like going to war," Spacey said in an interview in OM, the Observer Magazine on Sunday.
"I would hope that George Bush doesn't feel like going to war," he added.
Spacey, who is the new artistic director of London's Old Vic theatre, is the latest celebrity to add his voice to the anti-war clamour.
In January, George Clooney accused President Bush of running the US government "like the Sopranos".
And in December last year more than 100 entertainers including Martin Sheen, Kim Basinger and Samuel L Jackson sent a letter to Mr Bush urging him not to start a war.
The UK's Poet Laureate has written an anti-war poem in which he casts doubts over the motives behind a possible war and director Martin Scorsese has also questioned America's stance.
The Gangs of New York director said many Americans were cynical about the US administration's intentions and its relationship with the oil industry.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2677881.stm
Monday, 20 January, 2003, 17:32 GMT
Clooney in anti-war protest
【ジョージ・クルーニーが反戦の意思を表明】
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写真：Clooney says the US Government should talk, not act
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Actor George Clooney has spoken out against a possible US invasion of Iraq, accusing President George W Bush of running the US Government "like the Sopranos".
Speaking on the PBS television network, Clooney said Mr Bush and his cabinet were behaving like Big Tony and his mobster family in the TV show.
Clooney accused the President of cutting a deal with France and Russia to ensure the UN Security Council will not complain when "we go into a war and kill a lot of innocent people".
"Are we going to try and talk to Saddam Hussein...without jumping in and killing people first?" he said.
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写真：Scorsese: Questioned the US Government's motives
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"I don't believe we're going to wait until the last resort to do it. That's what bothers me."
Clooney is the latest celebrity to add his voice to the anti-war cry.
Last month more than 100 entertainers including Martin Sheen, Kim Basinger and Samuel L Jackson sent a letter to Mr Bush urging him not to start a war.
The UK's Poet Laureate has written an anti-war poem in which he casts doubts over the motives behind a possible war and director Martin Scorsese has also questioned America's stance.
The Gangs of New York director said many Americans were cynical about the US administration's intentions and its relationship with the oil industry.
The criticism comes amid growing opposition to a potential war.
Tens of thousands of anti-war protesters held demonstrations at several rallies across the US at the weekend.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2641477.stm
Thursday, 9 January, 2003, 11:11 GMT
Poet Laureate pens anti-war poem
【英国の桂冠詩人が反戦を表明】
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写真：Andrew Motion was made Poet Laureate in 1999
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The UK's Poet Laureate has written an anti-war poem in which he casts doubts over the motives behind a possible war with Iraq.
Motion, who was appointed Poet Laureate in 1999, has written a 30-word poem questioning US President George Bush's basis for war, suggesting money, greed, oil and his father have influenced him.
Respected director Martin Scorsese has also questioned the motives and morality behind a possible US war against Iraq.
The Gangs of New York director said many Americans were cynical about the US administration's intentions and its relationship with the oil industry.
Motion's poem, entitled Causa Belli meaning the motives of pretext for war, highlights the division between country leaders and opponents of war because ordinary people struggle to have their voices heard.
"The poem is not really concerned to address or question whether or not we should go to war, because we can't make a final decision about that until weapons inspectors find whatever there is to find," Motion told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
"But it is about how I think we should be more candid when we are talking about what the causes of this thing are, what it is that is driving us forward."
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写真：Martin Scorsese has directed Gangs of New York
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●●'Intelligence'
It is unusual for a Poet Laureate to pen a poem which criticises Western leaders, but Motion believes it is in his remit to write about contentious issues.
"I think that when I took on this post I said to myself, and anyone that would listen, that there is a good reason for thinking that if it was going to mean anything significant it should be interpreted in a way that allowed me to write about events in the royal calendar as and when I can, but also to write about matters of national interest."
Oscar-nominated director Scorsese, who is currently promoting his latest film Gangs of New York, has joined a chorus of US celebrities voicing their concerns.
"There's a danger of America going to war and I do not believe that everyone in America feels the same way," he told the Today programme.
"One hopes that this kind of war can be done diplomatically, with intelligence rather than wiping out a lot of innocent civilians."
"There are a lot of Americans who feel that this is economic and part of it has to do with the oil, maybe most of it," he added.
He said he had been reminded of the slogan used by anti-war campaigners during the 1991 Iraq conflict - "no blood for oil".
In December, more than 100 celebrities signed a letter to Mr Bush, voicing their opposition to military action.
Actors Martin Sheen, Sean Penn, Samuel L Jackson and Kim Basinger were among the signatories of the anti-war message.
●●Causa Belli by Andrew Motion
【桂冠詩人アンドルー・モウションの詩↓】
They read good books, and quote, but never learn
a language other than the scream of rocket-burn
Our straighter talk is drowned but ironclad;
elections, money, empire, oil and Dad.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2577981.stm
Monday, 16 December, 2002, 11:48 GMT
Sean Penn urges peace with Iraq
【ショーン・ペンがイラク問題の平和的解決を促す】
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写真：Penn is "concerned by the lack of information" about Iraq
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Hollywood star Sean Penn is visiting Baghdad to seek a greater understanding of the issues behind the current crisis.
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「 If there is going to be blood on my hands, I didn't want that blood to be invisible」
――Sean Penn
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He said he found it "baffling" that US officials had not revealed more evidence of their suspicions that Iraq has programmes to develop weapons of mass destruction.
The US actor and director said he did not want to criticise governments or presidents, but he was concerned at the lack of information being given to the American public.
On his three-day visit to Iraq, he has met Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz, visited a water treatment plant and toured a children's hospital.
He told the BBC's Rageh Omar: "I do feel an obligation to take responsibility with my government for actions that it takes.
"On the brink of actions that are threatened here, I am determined that if there is going to be... blood on my hands, that I didn't want that blood to be invisible. I wanted it to have the face of the people that I saw here."
He said he was acting as an individual, but that many more people in the US agreed with his stance.
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「 I needed to come here and see a smile, to see a street」
――Sean Penn
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"I made the decision to come here on my own, I was invited by an American institution," he said.
"I'm glad that I did come and part of my concern is being duped by a media perspective that saturates us every day."
War could be avoided, he said - but only with an "enormous commitment" from the Iraqi Government as well as the United States.
He said asking questions was vital before the start of any conflict.
●●Hollywood backing
Penn said at a press conference he wanted to know why there had not been more discussion of the type of technology available to detect components which could be used for weapons of mass destruction.
"I think that the more information we push for, the more information we are given, the better off we are all going to be and the right thing will happen," he said.
The former celebrity "bad boy" said he wanted to learn more about Iraq on his trip to Baghdad, which was arranged by the Institute for Public Accuracy, a consortium of policy researchers.
"I needed to come here and see a smile, to see a street, to smell the smells, talk to the people and take that home with me," he said.
Other American show-business stars such as Martin Sheen and Kim Basinger signed an open letter earlier this month which said rigorous inspections - not war - were the best way to disarm Iraq.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2561133.stm
Tuesday, 10 December, 2002, 09:58 GMT
Stars send anti-war message to Bush
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写真：Martin Sheen plays the president in The West Wing
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President George Bush is to receive an anti-war letter from more than 100 celebrities - including his opposite number in TV political drama The West Wing.
Kim Basinger, Samuel L Jackson and Jessica Lange are among the stars who have signed the letter, which will be made public on Tuesday.
Also on the list is Martin Sheen, who plays President Josiah Bartlet in the hit White House TV series.
The letter was written after actor Mike Farrell - who played Captain BJ Hunnicut in war series Mash - set up a group called Artists United To Win Without War.
●●Ambassador's support
He will reveal the contents of the letter at a press conference with Anjelica Huston on Tuesday.
Also among the signatories are a retired admiral, Eugene Carroll Jr, and a former United States ambassador to Iraq, Edward Peck.
Actors Matt Damon, Ethan Hawke, Uma Thurman and Laurence Fishburne have also signed up, organisers said.
The details of the letter will be released as anti-war protestors hold demonstrations across the US.
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写真：Susan Sarandon has taken part in anti-war protests
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The biggest protests are expected to take place in Lafayette Park, opposite the White House, and in New York.
A number of people from the entertainment world, including Tim Robbins, Susan Sarandon and Harold Pinter, have already spoken out against military action in Iraq.
Sheen has previously described President Bush as a "moron".
The actor has been arrested 70 times for his involvement in protests for issues such as nuclear disarmament and homelessness.
In 2001, he was sentenced to three years' probation after demonstrating against the "Star Wars" missile defence system at a US military air base.
The same year, his portrayal of the president earned him a Golden Globe award for best actor in a TV drama - and one member of Congress has said that he would not be surprised if Sheen ran for political office.
The anti-war letter follows a similar message put together by Farrell against a plan to bury nuclear waste at Nevada's Yucca Mountain.
Stars including Alec Baldwin, Tim Robbins, Barbra Streisand and Harry Belafonte signed that letter.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2537763.stm
Tuesday, 3 December, 2002, 10:09 GMT
Redford attacks Bush over fossil fuels
【ロバート・レッドフォードがブッシュの化石燃料政策を非難】
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写真：Redford is not afraid to speak out against government
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Actor and director Robert Redford has accused US President George Bush of a "lack of leadership" for failing to convince America to cut down its use of fossil fuels.
In an article in the Los Angeles Times he wrote that the Bush administration had not done enough to change people's dependence on fossil fuels.
Redford, an ardent environmental campaigner, said that the nation's use of gas and oil was at the centre of political trouble abroad and heavy pollution at home.
"Prolonging our dependence on fossil fuels would guarantee homeland insecurity," he wrote
"If you are worried about getting oil from an unstable Persian Gulf, consider the alternatives: Indonesia, Nigeria, Uzbekistan."
Redford, 65, advocates solar power as an alternative to fossil fuels but he is disappointed with the take up, quoting just 2% of power being generated in the US by wind or solar.
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写真：This is not the first time Redford has attacked Mr Bush's policies
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He also praised San Francisco's $100m (｣69m) bond initiative, passed last year by voters to pay for solar panels, wind power and energy efficiency for public buildings as an example of the way forward to create a pollution-free United States.
●●Energy dollars
The Oscar-winner also called upon to the automotive industry, urging it to use existing technology to increase fuel economy to 40 miles per gallon.
"Phasing in that standard by 2012 would save 15 times more oil than Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is likely to produce over 50 years," he wrote.
He also sees energy efficiency as a way of "keeping energy dollars in the American economy, reduce air pollution and create jobs at home".
The Kid star has a history of accusing Bush of failing in his duties to the environment, saying he "doesn't have a clue" in an interview ahead of last year's global climate conference in Germany.
He urged nations to put pressure on Mr Bush to cut its emissions, calling the US the world's biggest polluter.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2197446.stm
Friday, 16 August, 2002, 20:02 GMT 21:02 UK
Hollywood couple oppose Iraq attack
【ハリウッドのおしどり夫婦（ティム・ロビンズ＆スーザン・サランドン）が対イラク攻撃に反対】
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写真：Robbins and Sarandon wanted to help firefighters
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By Finlo Rohrer
BBC News Online entertainment staff in Edinburgh
Hollywood couple Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon have spoken out about their fears of US plans for a war on Iraq.
The actors have been performing a play about the terror attacks of 11 September at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
At a press conference to talk about their roles in The Guys, which ends its three-night run on Friday, the pair said they were opposed to "military expansion".
Meanwhile, the director of a French film featuring a nine-minute rape scene, which had its UK premi鑽e at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, has said he will not show it in the UK if censors demand cuts.
Speaking about Iraq, Sarandon said: "I don't think that a military expansion of violence is the solution."
"First you have to ask the right questions and we haven't formed the right questions on what's going on in the world right now. No, I don't think I would want to go to war against Iraq."
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「I don't think it will be released if it needs to be cut 」
――Gaspar Noe
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Robbins said performing in the play had been a cathartic experience because he, like everyone, had felt helpless as he watched the atrocities of 11 September happening around him.
●●Frustrating
"Everyone in New York wanted to do something. They wanted to help and be physically involved," he said.
"They wanted to go and dig and they couldn't so it was very frustrating.
"They didn't want to stay at home and watch TV. They wanted to be there helping."
They added that they did not think it was the play's responsibility to examine the political affects of the attacks.
Sarandon, who admitted stage fright ahead of her Edinburgh debut, said: "It's about the firefighters. It's about one woman's encounter with a man who is trying to cope with this unexpected and inexplicable loss that he wasn't prepared for."
The couple also said the play had received an emotional but warm reception when it played to a theatre full of New York firefighters.
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写真：Journalists have fainted at screenings of Irreversible
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Controversial film Irreversible had its first British public showing on Thursday night at Edinburgh's film festival, causing one cinema-goer to faint and a number to walk out.
Starring one of France's most glamorous couples - Monica Belluci and Vincent Cassel - it is a brutal tale of rape and bloody efforts at revenge shot in a grainy documentary style.
Director Gaspar Noe said walk-outs were not necessarily a bad thing.
"That doesn't mean that people hate the movie, it just means that people can't handle the emotions on the screen.
"They don't get the whole experience, they just get the dark part and animal part of the movie.
"I have walked out from movies - Straw Dogs and almost from Texas Chainsaw Massacre.
"[The public] know what they are paying for and think they are strong enough to take it."
●●Oxygen
When the film was shown at the Cannes festival in May, 250 people walked out, with 20 needing oxygen after fainting.
And at a press and industry screening in Edinburgh this week, a number of journalists walked out in disgust.
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「I'm told somebody fainted but came back to watch the rest of the film 」
――Shane Danielsen（Festival director ）
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But Noe said if British censors wanted cuts to any scene in the film - which features rape, sodomy and savage violence - it would be ruined.
"I don't think it will be released if it needs to be cut. You will notice something has been cut, you will notice the presence of the censors."
He said the fact it had been shown in competition in Cannes and given a 16 certificate in France meant it was suitable to be shown uncut in the UK, adding: "The most bourgeois film festival in the world has shown it in competition."
Belluci - who stars in the forthcoming Matrix sequel - has admitted she cannot watch some of the scenes.
●●Masochists
The film reverses chronological order to tell the story of her brutal rape in a subway and her boyfriend's quest to track down the rapist.
Noe said like Straw Dogs, the movie would become less controversial with time.
"Nothing's controversial after 20 years, even after five years."
Insisting American war films which glorified military technology and killing were worse, the director said nobody could find the rape scenes titillating.
"The only people who could get turned on are masochists."
Festival artistic director Shane Danielsen told BBC News Online the public screening had gone well with only six or seven audience members walking out.
"I'm told somebody fainted but came back to watch the rest of the film. It shows the press are a lot more oversensitive."
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1553891.stm
Thursday, 20 September, 2001, 09:21 GMT 10:21 UK
British actors call for peace
【英国の俳優たちが（対アフガニスタン）戦争反対を表明】
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写真：Harold Pinter has long been a critic of US foreign policy
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Nine British theatrical figures and artists have urged world leaders not to wage war as a response to last week's attacks on the US.
The letter to the Daily Telegraph came from a group including playwright Harold Pinter, actor Corin Redgrave and artist Maggi Hambling.
The actors made an appeal for leaders to stop what they called the "madness" of a "new world war".
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写真：Redgrave played a detective in The Ice House
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The letter argued that a war against Afghanistan, Iraq and the world's poorest countries "will not rescue any victims of September 11, or make the cities of America and Europe safer".
The letter went on: "Terrorism cannot be defeated by bombs, bullets or secret intelligence.
'Poverty'
"Terrorism is the language of hatred and despair.
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Letter signatories 【対アフガニスタン戦争への反対を表明した俳優たち】
Lynn Farleigh
Maggi Hambling
Merlin Holland
Byrony Lavery
Roger Lloyd Pack
Jehan Markham
Kika Markham
Harold Pinter
Corin Redgrave
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"Out of the carnage and rubble of a new crusade will come new terrorists, even more desperate and ruthless than before."
The letter criticised past Western policies towards Afghanistan and Iraq.
It also said that human rights and civil liberties were being "trampled on" by politicians "fanning the flames of intolerance with their preparations for war".
Harold Pinter is one of Britain's most respected playwrights, while actor Corin Redgrave has appeared in many TV series and films, including the new British thriller Enigma.
The letter concluded with an appeal to make war "on poverty" rather than on states which harbour terrorists.
Pinter was forced to apologise for reported "anti-American" comments he made in Italy only hours before the attacks on the US.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1166696.stm
Sheen slates 'bad comic' Bush
【マーティン・シーンが新大統領ブッシュを「俗悪マンガみたいなやつ」と酷評】
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写真：Martin Sheen is long-time supporter of the Democrats
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US actor Martin Sheen, who plays the US president in hit series The West Wing, has said he cannot bear politics and that George W Bush is a "moron".
Speaking to the Radio Times, Sheen, 60, said he could not imagine why anyone would want to become president, adding he was bewildered by last year's drawn-out election.
Mr Bush won the closest US election in more than a century last November, after a drawn-out legal battle in Florida.
The actor, best known for his role in Apocalypse Now, stars in the fictional White House-based TV series, which recently swept the Emmy awards.
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写真：George W Bush: Does not command Sheen's respect
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Sheen, a prominent Democrat Party supporter, did not mince his words about the Republican president.
"George W Bush is like a bad comic working the crowd, a moron, if you'll pardon the expression," he said.
He also said the role as president was not one he found remotely desirable.
"Your life is over as soon as you say you want to occupy the Oval Office," he said.
"We elect an institution, the family of the guy, his entourage. He has to be someone with enormous ego who fancies he'll have an impact on history."
●●'Oddball'
The actor has been arrested 70 times for his involvement in protests for issues such as nuclear disarmament and homelessness.
He went on to also criticise the US, saying "Alcoholics Anonymous and jazz are the only original things of importance" it has exported to the rest of the world.
But the West Wing star did lavish praise on President John F Kennedy, whom he played in a TV drama in 1983.
"These stories of womanising that unravelled after his death made him more substantial and human to me," he said.
"We idealise our leaders, raise them up so we have the power to knock them down. The American psyche is oddball.
"As soon as a man becomes president, suddenly there's no more original sin - as if he isn't going to have a sex life."
●●'Enormous love'
He also said there was a lot of hypocrisy in politics and he was proud of "fighting it and not giving in".
"I have such an enormous love and respect for him, a heroic man," he said.
"I'm afraid that's a minority view in America, but as time goes by he'll have a different image when we realise his contribution," the actor added.
It is not the first time Sheen has hit headlines with his views.
Last September he endorsed the views of Democratic vice-presidential candidate Joseph Lieberman that Hollywood is obsessed with sex and violence.
Sheen, speaking during a visit to his hometown to raise money for the Democratic Party, said: "Half the business called Hollywood is sleaze."
He added: "A lot of what we do has very little to do with art. It has to do with sleaze and gratuitous sex and unnecessary violence."
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