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再投稿：
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再投稿『亜空間通信』456号(2002/12/12)
【米の国際好感度下落に続き米で支持世論低落をイスラエル大手紙報道の二人三脚】
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
転送、転載、引用、訳出、大歓迎！
このところ、日本国内でも、アメリカの国際的な「好感度下落」報道が続いている
が、そのアメリカ国内でのイスラエルへの支持が低落状況にあるとの世論調査結果を、
当のイスラエルの大手紙、『ハアレツ』が報じている。
以下の『ハアレツ』記事の存在に関する情報は、私がユーゴ戦争直後、1999年にニ
ューヨークで開かれた「NATOの戦争犯罪を裁く独立国際戦争法廷」に参加した際に知
り合ったアメリカ人の「歴史見直し論者」、もっと詳しく言うと「ホロコースト見直
し論者」、私の表現では、私と同じく「ホロコースト否定論者」または「イスラエル
とアメリカの大嘘論者」、当然、強力なパレスチナ支持者から、私個人宛に送られて
きたものである。
小学校の運動会の二人三脚は、焦ると、縺れて転ぶのだが、このイスラエルとアメ
リカの国際運動会における二人三脚の行く末は、いかが相成りましょうか。
最後に全文を紹介するが、題名は、Israel's struggle for hearts and mindsであ
り、拙訳は、
「イスラエルの心情的および理性的支持に関する苦闘」
となる。
まず、以下の部分が、目下のイスラエルとパレスチナの双方への支持を巡る最大の
争点であろう。拙訳は、
「パレスチナ人によるイスラエル民間人への攻撃と、イスラエルによる領土内での行
動との間に、道徳的な評価の区別の特徴を確立しようとするイスラエルの試みは、成
功していない。イスラエルが道徳的に正当化できると信じるのは、わずか39パーセン
トであり、38パーセントが、イスラエルは、自分が戦おうと努める相手のテロリスト
と同じことをしていると信じている」
となる。
[以下、一部のみの引用]
The Israeli attempt to establish a moral distinction between Israel's
actions in the territories and Palestinian attacks on Israeli civilians has
not been successful: Only 39 percent believe that Israel is morally
justified, while 38 percent believe that Israel is behaving like the
terrorists it is trying to combat.
[一部のみの引用終わり]
次には、アメリカ人のパレスチナに」対する支持もしくは心情的および理性的な判断
であるが、以下を拙訳すると、
「60パーセントの大多数は、アメリカが、イスラエルとパレスチナの双方ともを支持
すべきでないと考えており、回答者の内のわずか4パーセントが、アメリカ政府はパ
レスチナ側への支持を表明すべきだと信じている」
となる。「わずか4パーセント」という表現は、裏を返すと、非常に興味深いので
ある。あのような暴力的かつ「愛国的」な興奮状態の中でさえ、日本の目下支持率凋
落中の日本共産党にたいするよりも高いパレスチナ支持率となる。結構、侮りがたい
数字なのである。
[以下、一部のみの引用]
A large majority of 60 percent believes that the United States should not
support either of the sides. Only 4 percent of those polled believe that the
American administration should express support for the Palestinian side.
[一部のみの引用終わり]
[以下、全文の引用]
http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=
236652
w w w . h a a r e t z d a i l y . c o m
Israel's struggle for hearts and minds
WASHINGTON - The conventional wisdom among policy-makers in Israel and the
United States is that if there is one front on which Israel enjoys a clear
advantage in the international arena, it is hasbara - information and public
relations - in the United States. Israel's views are accepted by the
administration and win support in Congress and American public opinion
clearly prefers the Israeli cause to the Palestinian one. However, closer
scrutiny of the elements that make up American public opinion will show that
Israel has cause for concern.
In the duel with the Palestinians over the hearts of average Americans,
Israel wins hands down. But when Israel puts itself up for judgment, things
look different: Israel is seen as a country that is not pursuing peace, is
largely responsible for the violence in the territories and is not morally
in the right in the conflict. These positions largely reflect the approach
taken by the public at large and to an even greater extent, the views of the
most influential groups within American society.
An inside look at American public opinion about Israel has been provided by
a survey conducted in late October by pollster Stanley Greenberg, and
including a variety of questions related to Americans' approach to Israel,
the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Jews in America. The survey, which
according to experts in the field faithfully reflects the current mood in
America toward Israel, was privately commissioned by a group of Jewish
activists who are conducting a broad-based television campaign for Israel.
The results were kept confidential. The purpose of the survey was to find
out how effective messages aimed at the public are, but the answers it
supplies show what Americans really think about Israel.
This can be seen, for example, in a general question about the extent of
support for Israel in its struggle against the Palestinians. Although the
Palestinian cause is at a very low point in the United States, and the
American public, according to other surveys, for the most part, identifies
Palestinian violence with terrorism in general, Israel enjoys a support rate
of only 50 percent among "influential" Americans (high-income, educated
people who take a considerable interest in the news). The figure drops to 48
percent when this group of Americans is reduced to those living in the
Washington, D.C. area, in other words, those with access to government
circles.
The good news is that this figure represents a halt in a trend seen in the
last year, involving a neutral stand toward the Israel-Palestinian conflict,
with people stating that "both sides are to blame." In any case, support
from half of the population on any issue is always an encouraging figure.
However, the empty half of the glass is more troubling to those involved in
the subject, because it means that among those with social and political
clout in America, for every individual that supports Israel, there is
another who opposes it. This is happening at time when the Palestinians are
at a disadvantage in public relations, when the president has openly
declared his support for Israel and Israel's political lobby is at its
height.
Pressuring Israel
This problematic situation is apparent throughout the survey in a variety of
questions. It turns out, for example, that on most issues, the American
public sees moral equivalency between Israel and the Palestinians, an
approach that Israel has been trying to combat since the outbreak of the
intifada. About 54 percent of the "influential" group believes that there is
moral equivalency between the two sides (46 percent among the general
population). More than half believe that both sides are equal in their
aspirations for peace and almost half believe that both sides are equally
responsible for the violence. The Israeli attempt to establish a moral
distinction between Israel's actions in the territories and Palestinian
attacks on Israeli civilians has not been successful: Only 39 percent
believe that Israel is morally justified, while 38 percent believe that
Israel is behaving like the terrorists it is trying to combat.
The American public is apparently troubled not only by the question of what
Israel is doing in the territories, but also by the possible repercussions
of these actions for the United States itself. While the conventional wisdom
has it that terror attacks against the United States should create an
American-Israeli solidarity against terrorists and in favor of attacks
against them, Greenberg's survey shows that three-quarters of those polled
among the general public believe that "Israeli's actions in the territories
are raising a new generation of potential terrorists, who could attack the
United States in the future."
In a previous survey, conducted in July using a similar format, there was a
majority of 58 percent among the "influential" population that supported
active military support for Israel in case it is attacked. However, in the
last survey, the rate of support for American military intervention for
Israel dropped to only 48 percent.
So what should the United States do in the Middle East? The elites,
according to the survey, believe that the American administration should
pressure Israel to enter into negotiations with the Palestinians. On the
question of which side the United States should support, Israel still enjoys
an advantage, but it involves only one-third of the population that believes
that Israel should be supported. A large majority of 60 percent believes
that the United States should not support either of the sides. Only 4
percent of those polled believe that the American administration should
express support for the Palestinian side.
But Israel still gets a lot of credit points in American public opinion,
even according to this survey. Beyond the obvious advantage over its
Palestinian rivals, Israel is viewed among the influential population as a
strong ally of the United States, a country that shares American values of
equality and freedom and is a partner to the democratic ideology upon which
the United States is based. From a public relations standpoint, these are
very important points that help establish Israel's unique status in American
public opinion and guarantees that it will be judged favorably by the
public, even if that public does not always agree with its actions and
behavior.
However, the survey reveals the fact that in the long run, the American
public, despite its loyalty to Israel, could become open to a different
approach toward Israel by the administration. One source expressed the view
that when 75 percent of Americans view the settlers as "the principal
obstacle to peace." As the survey shows, the American demand to freeze the
settlements, for example, is not likely to encounter a great deal of
opposition among the public. The general conclusion, one that should be
troubling to PR experts working for Israel and on its behalf, is that as
long as Israel has to contend for public support against the Palestinians,
its victory is assured. But if Israel will one day need to struggle for its
position on its own merits, not as compared to another entity, it will find
itself in a far more difficult situation.
An embarrassing leak
The "influential" Americans polled for this survey are characterized,
according to preliminary examinations, by a problematic approach toward
Israel. They are people with notably stronger pro-Arab tendencies than among
the general population, who traditionally believe in the need for
intervention on the part of the administration in the form of pressure on
Israel. The results of other surveys conducted in the past year, like one
that examined the positions of conservative Christians, were more flattering
to Israel and demonstrated a higher level of support for it. In the voting
booth, all votes are equal, and the current administration has a warm place
in its heart for the Christian right and its views. But American politics
have proved that between elections, special weight is given to the
influential groups among the population, far beyond the number of ballots
their members cast.
The new obstacle facing Israeli PR at present is the question of the
possible American war against Iraq. An expose in The Washington Post
recently caused considerable embarrassment to Israeli PR experts, when the
newspaper published an internal memorandum with recommendations for Israeli
PR vis-a-vis Iraq. The recommendations, authored by Republican strategist
Frank Luntz, were commissioned by Project Israel, the same organization that
commissioned Greenberg's survey of public opinion about Israel. The article
enabled readers to have a look behind the scenes of hasbara - including an
appeal to Israeli spokesmen not to present the war in Iraq as an "Israeli
matter," a demand to minimize comments on a possible response to missile
fire on Israel from Iraq and the suggestion that Israel not try to teach the
American public about the Middle East.
Israeli officials hurried to repudiate the leaked study, saying there was no
connection between the government of Israel and the private Jewish
organizations that commissioned it. Off the record, complaints could be
heard that the paper caused substantial damage because it placed Israel on
the same plane as Saudi Arabia - a country that hires public relations firms
to promote its interests. The Israeli public relations difficulty pointed
out by the Luntz paper is significant. Israel, on the one hand, wants to
retain its deterrent capability and tell the entire world that Israel will
not restrain itself again in the face of an attack by Saddam Hussein. On the
other hand, such statements create difficulties for the United States and
make Israel look as if it is waiting for America to reward it for staying
its hand. Moreover, how will Israel explain the fact that it supports active
international intervention to solve one focus of instability in the region
(Iraq) while firmly opposing any such intervention in another (the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict)?
The public relations line taken by the Arabs in the past few months has been
that Iraq is not the problem - Palestine is, and that the Americans should
first resolve the issues in that troubled area of the region before dealing
with Saddam Hussein. Israel will have to respond to this approach with
caution - by rejecting the comparison, but without sending the message that
it is not interested in resolving the conflict.
By Nathan Guttman
以上。
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木村愛二：国際電網空間総合雑誌『憎まれ愚痴』編集長
ある時は自称"嘘発見"名探偵。ある時は年齢別世界記録を目指す生涯水泳選手。
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電網速報『亜空間通信』（2001.09.01.創刊 2002.12.12.現在456号発行済）
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