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被害者・目撃者が伝える「イスラム国」の捕虜に対する残虐な扱い
2014年10月12日
（イラク・ドホーク）— 過激派組織イスラム国は、イラクで誘拐したクルド系少数宗派ヤジディ教徒の男女や子ども数百人を、イラクおよびシリアに設置した常設／仮設の収容施設に拘禁している、と本日ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは述べた。
若い女性や10代の少女たちは組織的に家族から引き離され、一部はイスラム国戦闘員と強制的に結婚させられているという。これは、何十人もの被拘禁者の親族や脱出に成功した16人のヤジディ教徒、電話での聞き取り取材に応じた被拘禁者の女性2人の証言で明らかになった。イスラム国はまた少年も家族から引き離し、イスラム教への改宗を強要しているという。
ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ特別顧問のフレッド・アブラハムは、「イスラム国によるヤジディ教徒への恐ろしい一連の犯罪は、悪化の一途をたどっている」と述べる。「我々は強制的な改宗や結婚、はては性暴力や奴隷化といった衝撃的な話を次々耳にしている。一部の被害者はまだ子どもだ。」
ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの聞き取り調査に応じた女性の元・現被拘禁者たちは、自分たちはレイプされていないと話したが、うち4人は性暴力から自らをまもらなければならなかったという。そして拘禁されたほかの女性や少女たちが、イスラム国戦闘員にレイプされたと話していたと証言した。ある女性は戦闘員による少女たちの売買を目撃し、ある10代の少女は、自分は1,000米ドルで戦闘員に買われたと話した。
ヤジディ教徒の一般市民に対する組織的な拉致および侵害行為は、人道に対する罪に該当する可能性がある。
証言者たちによると、2014年8月3日にイラク北西部を攻撃した際に、イスラム国戦闘員が宗教的少数派のヤジディ教徒を誘拐した。はじめの数日間は男女と子どもが一緒に拘禁されていたが、その後3つのグループに分けられたという。1つ目は比較的高齢の女性と幼い子連れの母親たち（一部は比較的高齢の男性あるいは夫も一緒）、2つ目は20代前半の女性と10代の少女たち、最後は比較的若い男性と少年のグループだ。
イスラム国はまた、他の宗教的および民族的少数派に属する一般市民を少なくとも数十人単位で拘禁している。これらには、キリスト教徒やシーア派少数民族シャバク人およびトルクメン人などが含まれると、当該グループの代表者や被拘禁者の親族が語った。
拘禁されている人びとの正確な数は不明だ。イラクでは戦闘が進行中であることに加え、イスラム国がヤジディ教徒やキリスト教徒、シーア派少数民族シャバク人およびトルクメン人を誘拐した時に、これらのコミュニティの多くの人びとがイラク全土および近隣諸国に散らばって避難していったことがその理由である。ヤジディ教徒の活動家によると、何十人かは脱走に成功したが、身を隠したままという。
9月と10月上旬、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチはイラクのクルド人自治区にあるドホーク、ザーホー、アルビールほか周辺地域の町で、ヤジディ教徒の国内避難民76人に聞き取り調査を行った。証言者たちは合計366人の親族がイスラム国により捕らわれの身となっていると語る。これを証明するためヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、誘拐された親族のリストや身分証明書、写真、あるいは氏名ほかの詳細も併せて提供。証言者の多くが、被拘禁者が隠し持っている携帯電話を通じて散発的ながら連絡を取っていると話していた。
現在も拘禁下にあり、電話で連絡が取れた女性2人、そして脱出に成功した男性2人、女性と少女それぞれ7人、合計16人は、拘禁されたヤジディ教徒を何百人も目撃したと証言する。その数は1,000人以上に上ると話した人も複数いた。
ナビーンさんは9月初旬、3歳、4歳、6歳、10歳の子ども4人と共に1カ月の拘禁の後、脱出に成功した。彼女はイラク第2の都市モスル近郊にあるバドウシュ刑務所と同国西部の町タルアファルの学校に拘禁されていたが、そこでイスラム国戦闘員たちがヤジディ教徒の女性や少女を「花嫁」として連れ去るのを目撃したという。マフル（夫からの結納金）として、ゴールドを女性たちに渡す戦闘員もいた。
［何日かにわたり]約10人の若い女性や少女をみんな連れ去りました。わずか12、13歳くらいから20歳までの子たちです。力づくだったこともあります。既婚の若い女性もいましたが、子どもがいないことから、［イスラム国戦闘員である]彼らはそれを信じませんでした。
ナビーンさんによると、そうして結婚させられたばかりの女性と少女は、数日後に刑務所へ短期間だけ戻ることを許されたと話す。
「結婚させられたのよ。どうしようもなかった」と言っていました。贈られたというゴールドをみんな持っていて。それから［イスラム国戦闘員である]彼らはまた、泣いている彼女たちを連れ去りました。
アドリーさん（17歳の少女）は、「大きなひげの男」がモスルに拘禁されていた若い女性の中から彼女を選んだと語る。彼女ともう1人の少女はアンバル州のファルージャに連れて行かれた。
私はある女性の膝の上で泣いていました。彼女は私に娘のように語りかけ、「怖がらないで。やつらにあなたを連れて行かせやしない」と言ってくれた。でも男が私をみて言ったんです。「お前は俺のものだ」って。それから私はあっという間に彼の大きな軍用車に乗せられてしまいました。
その戦闘員は2人の少女をバグダット西部の町ファルージャにある民家に連れて行ったとアドリーさんは言う。「屈服させようと殴ったりはたかれたりしました。」そこで2日間過ごした後、少女たちは脱出した。「体に触れさせないよう、できる限りのことはしました。あの男たちがやったことはすべて力づくだった。」
9月7日に脱出したRewsheさん（15歳）は、3週間ほど拘禁された後の8月下旬に、イスラム国部隊によりシリアのラッカへ4台に連なるバスで移送されたと話す。彼女の妹を含む約200人の若い女性と少女が、町の南部にある大きな一軒家に拘禁されたという。翌日、武装した男の一団がやってきて20人を連れ去った。男たちはこれらの女性と少女を買ったのだと、警備員は言ったとRewsheさんは証言した。
またその翌日、戦闘員たちが首長（司令官）と呼ぶイスラム国の指揮官がRewsheさんと14歳の妹をパレスチナ人のイスラム国戦闘員に売ったという。実際に現金のやり取りは目撃していないが、その戦闘員はRewsheさんに彼女を1,000米ドルで買ったと誇らしげに伝えた。同日夜、戦闘員は妹をほかの戦闘員に売り、Rewsheさんをラッカ郊外のアパートへ連れて行った。そこで男の性的攻撃をかわし、寝ている間に鍵のかかっていないドアから逃げたという。
女性の現・元被拘禁者による証言から、イスラム国戦闘員によるレイプおよび性奴隷の重大な懸念が深まる。しかし、これら侵害行為の規模はいまだ不明である。
ヤジディ教徒コミュニティにおいてレイプが恥とされることや、性暴力を明らかにした女性や少女に対する報復への恐怖が、被害者本人による告発数の少なさを一部説明しているのではないかと、ヤジディ教徒の活動家はみる。イスラム国に捕われたことを認めるだけで、女性や少女に危険を及ぼす可能性がある。性暴力を含むトラウマに苦しむヤジディ教徒避難民のための公共サービスが十分でないこともまた、女性や少女が性暴力を報告するという選択、またはそうしたいという希望をしぼませているかもしれない。
イスラム国戦闘員はまた、改宗あるいは軍事訓練を目的に、少年たちをも家族から引き離したと、脱出に成功した3人と、脱出者をインタビューしているヤジディ教徒の人権活動家は証言した。脱出者のひとりKhider さん（28歳）は、イスラム国が制圧したSinjarの軍事基地で、8歳〜12歳の少年14人を戦闘員が隔離したのを目撃したという。
少年の中でも年長の兄弟はとても怖がって、「彼らをどこに連れて行くんだ」と聞いていました。［イスラム国戦闘員は］「心配するな。食事もやるし、面倒をみてやるさ。基地に連れて行ってコーランや戦い方、ジハードの心得を教えてやるのさ」と答えていました。
Khiderさんは、戦闘員が自分たちにイスラム教への改宗を迫ったと話す。シリアに移送された200人超のヤジディ教徒の男女や子どもと一緒に、大規模な儀式にも参加させられた。
シャハーダ（信仰告白）を3回暗唱させられました。話せる年なら小さい子どもでも暗唱しなくてはならなかった。皆泣いて怖がっていましたよ。彼らは「ここにイスラム教に改宗したくない人間はいるか」と聞くんです。もちろん皆沈黙していました。拒否すれば殺されてしまいますから。
人びとの身の安全を確保するため、本文中に出てくる被拘禁者や元被拘禁者およびその親族の氏名は差し控えるか変更した。また、大半の聞き取り調査場所や拘禁場所についても差し控えた。
生存者や地域の住民による証言は以下をご覧ください。
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Background: Expulsions, Killings, and Abductions
More than 500,000 Yezidis and other religious minorities have fled Islamic State attacks in northern Iraq since June, most to the semi-autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan, according to the United Nations and regional officials.
During its wave of assaults in and around Sinjar that began on August 3, Islamic State fighters killed scores or even hundreds of male Yezidi civilians, then carried off their relatives, the United Nations and local and international human rights organizations reported. Human Rights Watch interviews with Yezidis who fled these attacks, including more than three dozen witnesses to the mass killings of civilians, support those reports.
Since capturing Mosul on June 10, Islamic State has systematically targeted Iraq’s minority communities of Yezidis, Shia Shabaks, Shia Turkmen, and Christians. It ordered Christians in the city of Mosul to convert to Islam, pay a tax as non-Muslims (jizya), flee, or face “the sword.” Human Rights Watch has documented how Islamic State and other extremist Sunni groups have abducted, expelled, or killed Yezidis and other minorities before the June assault.
The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights reported on October 2 that, based on “local sources,” Islamic State was holding up to 2,500 Yezidi civilians, mostly women and children. Iraqi human rights activists gave Human Rights Watch similar estimates.
Members of one Yezidi group documenting violations gave Human Rights Watch a database with 3,133 names and ages of Yezidis they said Islamic State had kidnapped or killed, or who had been missing since the Islamic State assaults of early August, based on interviews with displaced Yezidis in Iraqi Kurdistan. The list included 2,305 people believed to have been as abducted – 412 of them children. Thirty-one of these people were also on the lists given to Human Rights Watch by relatives of the detained.
Detention of Other Minorities
The vast majority of Islamic State prisoners are Yezidis, but the group has captured smaller numbers of other religious and ethnic minorities, according to community leaders, human rights activists, and interviews with relatives of detained people. A leader of the Shia Shabak community said he had a list of 137 men who were missing since Islamic State took control of their areas east of Mosul in August. Another Shabak activist said the group was holding up to 150 Shabaks.
Human Rights Watch separately interviewed four Shia Shabak men who, in total, said Islamic State fighters had captured 17 of their relatives between June and August. One of the men said the group took five of his sons on July 3 from the village of Omar Kan near Mosul.
Human Rights Watch in July reported Islamic State’s roundups of scores of Shabak and Shia Turkmen men near Mosul, many of whom remain missing and are presumed dead by community leaders. The group has also detained a smaller number of Iraqi Christians, according to Christian activists in Iraqi Kurdistan.
One Christian woman from the predominantly Christian town of Qaraqosh in northwest Iraq told Human Rights Watch that on August 22 Islamic State fighters forced her and the few other remaining Christians in the town to leave. As they were forced onto a bus, one fighter forcibly took away her 3-year-old daughter, she said. A man who witnessed the incident, interviewed separately, corroborated her account.
Detention Conditions
Islamic State forces are detaining people in multiple locations, most in the northern cities of Mosul, Tal Afar, and Sinjar, but also in smaller Iraqi towns such as Rabi’a, near the Syrian border, and in areas the group controls in eastern Syria, according to the two current and 16 former detainees, as well relatives of detainees and local and international human rights activists. They said the group is holding prisoners in schools, prisons, military bases, government offices, and private homes. Some relatives of detainees said they had received complaints of scarce food and water.
To evade detection and air strikes, Islamic State has moved its captives from place to place, packing them into trucks and buses, the escapees and relatives said. “We were sitting on top of each other” during one trip, said Naveen, the mother of four.
Conditions were just as crowded in some of the improvised detention facilities, escapees and relatives of those still held said. Ghazal, a 17-year-old who escaped, described conditions at a hall in Mosul where she said the group took her at the start of her 22-day detention:
There were so many people that we couldn’t move, and some of the children couldn’t breathe very well. There were old women and young children. We were so crowded we were sleeping on top of each other. We had no beds, no blankets.
Speaking by phone in September, one detained woman held in a private house told Human Rights Watch that Islamic State guards did not allow the captives outside. “We can’t leave the houses,” the woman said. “Sometimes we sneak out to see what’s going on, but whenever we see them coming, we immediately run back inside. If they saw anyone outside, they would kill them."
Relatives of detainees said their family members told them their locations during phone calls. The current and former detainees told Human Rights Watch and their relatives that they knew their locations from road signs and other markers.
Escapees and the relatives of those still detained said that Islamic State fighters had allowed many detained families to keep and use their phones for calls to relatives. Other detainees told their relatives that they hid their phones and used them surreptitiously. At times, Islamic State members have provided phones for detainees to speak with their families, they said.
Some detainees called frequently but others had called only once or twice. Several families interviewed by Human Rights Watch said they had heard from detained relatives recently, but others had not heard from their relatives at all or in more than a month.
Extended Families Abducted
Some family members of detainees told Human Rights Watch that Islamic State members had rounded up dozens of their relatives at once, including grandparents and mothers with newborn infants. Khider, the man held by Islamic State for eight days, said the group had taken 72 of his relatives and forced them to drive in their own cars to a school in Syria where they were imprisoned.
A man from another village near Sinjar said Islamic State was holding 65 of his relatives, 17 of them children. He showed Human Rights Watch the list of names. A third man showed Human Rights Watch a list of 37 detained relatives, 23 of them children, whom he said Islamic State had seized all together.
In one room of a schoolhouse sheltering displaced Yezidis in Duhok, one family gave Human Rights Watch the names of 42 relatives they said the group had seized on August 3 in a town in Sinjar district. Islamic State fighters killed 16 immediately and imprisoned the remaining 26 – all women, girls and young children, including two infants – only one of whom escaped, the family members said. When one of the family elders asked the children in the room how many of them had a father who was killed by Islamic State, more than 20 stood up.
Taking Away Boys and Girls
After separating captives into groups, Islamic State in some cases took away young boys and girls, seven escapees said. Naveen told Human Rights Watch that she saw the group’s fighters take away all boys ages 10 and up:
In Badoush prison I also saw them take away boys. They said they were taking them for religious education. From my room, they took six or seven boys. All of the boys they took were about 10 or 11. I dressed my [10-year-old] son like a girl to hide him.
Rewshe, the 15-year-old girl who said she escaped from Islamic State detention on September 7, said fighters had held her in four different locations prior to her transfer to Syria, including a period in Badoush prison in Mosul with hundreds of other Yezidi men, women and children. At some point between August 22 and 24, she said, she watched from the prison courtyard as Islamic State fighters took more than 100 boys, some as young as 6, from their mothers:
They took the small boys from their mothers. If the mothers refused, they grabbed the children by force. They slapped protesting mothers, shot their guns in the air, and said, “We’ll kill you if you don’t [let your children go].”
Layla, 16, said Islamic State fighters seized her with her mother and 13-year-old sister from the Sinjar area on August 3. The fighters first took away her mother, then her sister, and then took Layla to a house in Rabi’a, where a man locked her up and forced her to cook and clean for him, Layla said.
First, Layla said, Islamic State fighters transported the three of them, along with hundreds of other women and girls, in a bus convoy to Mosul, with black banners flying from the vehicles. A few days later, the fighters took away all the older women, including her mother. Layla cried as she described her 22-day ordeal:
They took my mother right from my hands. I tried to stop them but they took her by force. I have no idea what they did with her. They took other women around the same time the same way. All those left in the hall were young ladies. I wished I were dead.
Layla said the fighters then transferred her and her sister to a building with a large hall in Mosul, where they held them with about 200 young women and other girls. There, she said, fighters would come in to choose a woman or girl to take to their house:
Every night the armed guards would say, “The mujahidiin have arrived!” They would enter the hall and pick those they desired, sometimes with force, other times just by pointing at them. When we asked the guards what was happening, they would say, “They are taking them to help the mujahidiin at their houses.” I became very afraid. My body started shaking. All night long I held my sister’s hand in one of the corners of the hall.
Over the next several days, Layla said, the fighters bused her and her sister, along with several other girls and young women, to Tal Afar, then back to Mosul, then again to Tal Afar, telling them on that trip, “You will be going to Tal Afar to serve the mujahidiin.” There, the Islamic State held them with about 100 other girls and women who had been transferred from several different locations, she said. One girl was “crying all day,” she said.
A few days after they were taken to Tal Afar, Layla said, the fighters took away her 13-year-old sister, saying they were sending her to a fighter in Rabi’a. A few days after that, Layla said, some men drove her and Shireen, 17, to Rabi’a as well and locked them in a house to clean and cook for two fighters. The two fighters “carried many weapons, machine-guns and hand-grenades, and binoculars and multiple mobiles,” she said.
The following day, Layla said, she and Shireen stole one of the men’s cellphones, and called relatives, who gave them directions to the home of people they knew in Rabi’a. The girls slipped out a back door with a faulty lock.
Shireen said she had no memory of her last two days of captivity in Rabi’a. “I lost my mind. I don’t even know how I got here,” she said from a shelter in Iraqi Kurdistan. Her one memory of the escape, she said, was of the other teenage girl who had been captured with her “carrying me out on her back.”
Forced Marriage
Seve, a 19-year-old woman who escaped in late August, told Human Rights Watch that she watched Islamic State fighters shoot and kill her husband before capturing her on August 3 outside their village near Sinjar. She said the fighters then took her to a house in Mosul, where they forced her and several other young women and girls to marry them in group “weddings.” She described several group weddings, including the one in which she was “married” to a fighter:
It was supposed to be a wedding party. They were tossing sweets at us and taking photos and videos of us. They forced us to look happy for the videos and photos. The fighters were so happy; they were firing shots in the air and shouting… There was one woman from Kocho who was very beautiful. The leader of the fighters took her for himself. They dressed her up like a bride.
Seve said the fighter who “married” her took her to a house where “he told me he would teach me about Islam.” At the house, she said he tried unsuccessfully to rape her:
His name was Zaid. He tried to take me [sexually] by force. I told him, “I will not marry you. I am already married.” The man got angry with me and said, “I will sell you to a Syrian man. … I will kill you.”
Seve said a few days later she managed to escape from the house while the fighter was asleep.
Navi Pillay, the then-United Nations high commissioner for human rights, stated in August that her office had received reports from two families that Islamic State members had raped two boys. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported in August that it had gathered “appalling accounts of killing, abduction and sexual violence perpetrated against women and children,” including one from a 16-year-old girl who said Islamic State fighters had forced her and other women and girls to provide sexual services under a forced marriage.
Sales of Women and Girls
Rewshe, the 15 year old, was one of three escaped women and girls who told Human Rights Watch about Islamic State fighters selling female captives. She explained in detail how a fighter in Raqqa, Syria, said he had bought her for US $1,000, and how guards said fighters had bought 20 other women detained with her.
Naveen, the woman who said she escaped Islamic State captivity with her four children, said the group detained her for about 10 days in the end of August at a school in Tal Afar with more than 1,000 other people. She said she saw men whom she called “friends” of Islamic State come to the school and buy young women and girls, without specifying how many women and girls were taken away.
Seve, the 19 year old who escaped, said that one night on or around August 14, Islamic State fighters took away 26 young women and teenage girls from the house in Mosul where they were being held. The men said they had come from Syria and were taking the women “to sell them in the Syria slavery market,” Seve said.
According to the United Nations, a teenage Yezidi girl reported that Islamic State fighters abducted hundreds of women and eventually transferred them to the town of Ba’aj, west of Mosul. The girl told the UN that various fighters had raped her several times, and that then the fighters sold her in a market.
Risk of Suicide
Khudaea, a Yezidi man, told Human Rights Watch that in early September he received a desperate call from his captive 19-year-old sister. It was the sister’s first call since Islamic State captured her on August 3:
She said a young fighter who had been guarding her gave her his phone and told her, “Call your family and tell them, ‘This is my last message, because I am going to be married by force to this fighter.’” She told us, “I just want to see you one last time and then I will kill myself.”
The woman escaped before the marriage took place, Human Rights Watch later learned from a family member.
Relatives of a 16-year-old Yezidi girl, Fatee, who had been married for two months when Islamic State fighters captured her on August 3 in Sinjar district, said they received a similar call at the end of August. The girl’s sister, Khansee, told Human Rights Watch that the family learned Islamic State had captured Fatee when they called her husband’s phone on the morning of August 3:
A man answered the phone. He said he killed my sister’s husband and took my sister. We heard nothing for 27 days. We thought she was dead. We called many, many friends and relatives but no one had heard from her. Then one day she called. She said, “If they try to force me to convert to Islam I will kill myself.” We have not heard from her since then.
Humanitarian aid workers in Iraqi Kurdistan told Human Rights Watch that three Yezidi women who said they had escaped Islamic State detention had attempted suicide in camps for displaced Yezidis since early August, and that one of them had succeeded.
Yezidi custom forbids marriage to people of other religions. In describing to Human Rights Watch the forced marriages of female relatives held by Islamic State, many Yezidis made reference to Du’a Khalil Aswad, a 17-year-old Yezidi girl whom a mob of Yezidi men stoned to death in 2007 for seeking to marry a Muslim youth. A video of the “honor killing” circulated on the Internet.
The killing of Aswad sparked reprisal attacks on Yezidis by some Sunni extremists, Yezidi community leaders said. Two recently escaped female Yezidi prisoners told Human Rights Watch that their captors said they were holding them “to avenge Du’a.”
Escapees and relatives of those captured or killed said they had received almost no medical services or counseling since fleeing Islamic State military advances. Regional authorities and medical staff working in the camps and shelters for displaced people that Human Rights Watch visited expressed frustration at the lack of medical aid.
Forced Conversion
All seven people who escaped Islamic State captivity said the group’s fighters had pressured them to convert to Islam. “You will be safe if you convert,” one woman said fighters repeatedly told her. People whose relatives were held captive also said their family members had told them over the phone that they were being forced to convert.
Khider, the 28-year-old Yezidi man, said Islamic State members forced him and other captives to pray five times daily and recite the shahada (the Muslim creed) multiple times during his detention in Syria and in northern Iraq. He showed Human Rights Watch a video that Islamic State recorded and posted on militant websites of the forced conversion of about 100 Yezidi men in which he was forced to participate. “They forced us to shake hands with them and said, ‘Welcome, you are brothers,’ but it was propaganda,” Khider said.
Salim, the father of another captured Yezidi man, Jirdo, pointed out his son in the same video. Salim said Islamic State had captured Jirdo on August 3 when he went to his hometown in the Sinjar area to help his wife and her family. On September 3, Salim said, Jirdo called him from a building in a village near Tal Afar where he said Islamic State was holding him, and the father asked to speak with one of the guards.
“I asked him to take me instead of my son,” Salim recalled. “He said he’s not authorized to arrange that but he’ll ask his emir [commander].” Salim said he later spoke with the commander who spoke Arabic with a foreign accent. “He said I must give them two daughters for my son,” Salim recounted. Salim said he refused.
International Law
Under international law, crimes against humanity include the crimes of persecution of a religious group, unlawful imprisonment, sexual slavery or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity when committed in a systematic or widespread manner as part of the policy of an organized group. Some specific abuses against civilians committed by members of Islamic State, as an armed group in a conflict, may amount to war crimes if committed with criminal intent, such as violence to life and person, including cruel treatment, and outrages against personal dignity.
Forced marriage violates the right to freely consent to marriage as set out in article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 10 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
Recommendations
Islamic State should immediately reunite children with their families, end forced marriages, stop sexual abuse, and release all civilian detainees. International and local actors with influence over the group should press for those actions, Human Rights Watch said.
The United Nations Human Rights Council on September 1 ordered a UN investigation into serious crimes by Islamic State. That investigation should be prompt and thorough, and expanded to include serious abuses by Iraqi state forces and allied Shia militia.
Iraq should become a member of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to allow for possible prosecution of crimes such as war crimes and crimes against humanity by all parties to the conflict. The authorities could give the court jurisdiction over serious crimes committed in Iraq since the day the ICC treaty entered into force, on July 1, 2002.
Local and international humanitarian agencies working in Iraqi Kurdistan, including United Nations agencies, should increase medical and counseling services for displaced people who fled Islamic State military advances. Agencies should pay special attention to the needs of survivors of sexual violence, who should receive comprehensive post-rape care. These services should place a high priority on victims’ confidentiality and privacy in line with international standards, and should provide them in a manner that does not reinforce stigma or expose victims to reprisal.
http://www.hrw.org/ja/news/2014/10/12-0
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