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【医者の「死亡宣告」は当てにならないｗ】
ポーランドでは死亡宣告受けた老女が安置所で「復活」、
アメリカでは全国の病院が勝手な判断で「脳死」宣告
ポーランドの珍事の詳細は記事【２】を、そして
米国全土の有名病院がそれぞれ勝手な「基準」を決めて「脳死」判定を
しているので、「脳死」基準が「基準」になっておらず、事実上、
無法状態のなかで医者が「死亡宣告」を濫造している、という調査結果に
ついての詳細は、記事【４】を参照してください。
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http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/etc/090615-woman-wakes-morgue.html
Woman Wakes Up in Morgue
Submitted by LiveScience Staff
posted: 15 June 2009 11:28 am ET
You have to wonder if this 84-year-old Polish woman had an out-of-body experience... （http://www.livescience.com/health/070823_out_of_body.html）
She fell unconscious. The ambulance came. A doctor pronounced her dead. Someone at the morgue saw her moving inside the bag.
What is death, anyway? A recent study found that top U.S. hospitals follow different protocols for determining brain death（http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-brain-dead.html）, and often deviate from standards established by the American Academy of Neurology.
Read full story at The Telegraph
（http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5533991/Polish-woman-wakes-up-in-morgue.html）
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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5533991/Polish-woman-wakes-up-in-morgue.html
Polish woman wakes up in morgue
An 84-year-old Polish woman woke up in a morgue after being declared dead by her doctor.
Published: 7:00AM BST 15 Jun 2009
The emergency medical services became aware of the error when someone saw her body bag in the morgue moving, police said.
The woman, from the village of Jablonowo in central Poland, fell unconscious and her husband called an ambulance. A doctor from the emergency medical services pronounced her dead, January Majewski, a police spokesman said.
"A funeral company took the body to the morgue. Several hours later, a worker there noticed the bag containing the body was moving," he said. "He called a doctor who noted the woman's vital functions had returned."
The woman was taken to hospital in the nearby town of Zwolen and placed in intensive care, where she was said to be in a serious condition on Saturday. Police have launched an investigation.
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http://www.livescience.com/health/070823_out_of_body.html
Health
Out-of-Body Experiences Simulated
By Dave Mosher, LiveScience Staff Writer
posted: 23 August 2007 02:07 pm ET
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Turns out out-of-body experiences are not necessarily something that happens to people who are out of their minds. While wearing virtual reality goggles, subjects who watched fake versions of themselves get swung at with a hammer experienced the actions as if it were being done to their own bodies.
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New virtual reality experiments show the brain can be tricked into believing it's outside the body, lending credence to the strange claims of some patients and shedding light on how the brain might generate its "self image."
“We have decades of intense research on visual perception, but not very much yet on body perception," said Henrik Ehrsson of University College London.
"But that may change, now [that] virtual reality offers a way to manipulate full-body perception more systematically and probe out-of-body experiences,” said Olaf Blanke, a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology neuroscientist.
The researchers worked on separate studies, which are detailed in the Aug. 24 online edition of the journal Science.
●Virtual trickery
Researchers equipped subjects with virtual-reality goggles that showed images from a stereoscopic video camera setup—two cameras spaced like a pair of eyes. When placed behind the person wearing the goggles, the cameras acted as a "virtual self" that looked at the subject's back.
As subjects watched themselves from behind, an experimenter prodded their chests with one hand while prodding the air just below the cameras at the same time. Because subjects could see the experimenter's hand but not the spot it was poking, researchers said subjects felt as if they were being poked in the chest—outside of their body.
“This was a bizarre, fascinating experience for the participants," Ehrsson said. "It felt absolutely real for them and was not scary. Many of them giggled and said ‘Wow, this is so weird.’”
●Where's my body?
But the researchers didn't stop there. They also performed the experiment with cameras behind a wigged mannequin to test the brain's limits of self-perception.
"When they saw a bodily shape, they still felt it was them," said Bigna Lenggenhager, a psychologist also with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. She explained that touching both the fake body and the real body at the same time tricked many of the subjects.
"They felt a touch was there but couldn't pinpoint it," Lenggenhager said, noting that some felt as if the mannequin was their own body.
Going even further to test the effect, researchers removed subjects' goggles and asked them to move to where they believed they were standing during the experiment. Almost every time, she said, they overshot and walked back to their virtual self's location—and not where their real or simulated body was situated.
"They didn't localize themselves where their real body was," Lenggenhager told LiveScience.com. "Where the camera was is where they believed they were."
●Hammer time
Ehrsson's group also tested the technique's limits by swinging a hammer just below the camera setup, or virtual self. By measuring how much subjects sweated—a bodily response to fear—Ehrsson said he showed that subjects felt threatened by the hammer swings.
Lenggenhager noted that the setup, while an extremely useful tool for testing the limits of self-perception, is only the beginning of better research on the brain.
"We've shown the body and self is somehow separate in the brain, even though we didn't invoke a completely realistic [out-of-body experience]," she said. Lenggenhager thinks the next step is to monitor the brain's activity with special electrodes during similar experiments. By doing so, the researcher and her colleagues hope to better understand which regions of the brain are responsible for self-perception.
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http://www.livescience.com/health/080118-brain-dead.html
Health
Are You Brain Dead? Depends on the Hospital
By LiveScience Staff
posted: 18 January 2008 01:30 pm ET
Top hospitals across the country follow different protocols for determining brain death, and often deviate from standards established by the American Academy of Neurology, a new survey finds.
The results, which will be published in the Jan. 22 issue of the journal Neurology, are based on surveys of top neurology and neurosurgery centers identified by U.S. News and World Report.
"We were surprised to find such significant differences among these hospitals in terms of their specified guidelines for brain death determination," said study leader David Greer of the Massachusetts General Hospital Neurology Service. "In reviewing the protocols, we would have anticipated more consistency with the American Academy of Neurology practice parameters."
First established in the 1960s, the concept of brain death refers to the irreversible loss of function in the entire brain. In 1981, a Presidential Commission confirmed that brain death was the legal equivalent of more traditional standards, such as when a person's heart and lungs stop functioning.
The AAN published brain-death determination guidelines in 1995 based on a review of actual medical research and accepted best practices.
Greer and his collaborators evaluated institutional guidelines for determining brain death from 38 of the top 50 neurology and neurosurgery programs, listed in the U.S. News 2006 Best Hospitals issue. They had contacted all 50 institutions. Out of the 41 respondents, three had no written guidelines at all.
The neurologists found significant differences among the hospitals, with several discrepancies from the AAN guidelines. For instance, some hospitals' guidelines deviated on AAN specifications regarding the specialty and level of training required for physicians tasked with determining brain death. In addition, the institutions differed on medical conditions that needed to be met before specific testing took place and the type and timing of examinations used to determine brain death.
"While our study was not designed to evaluate the actual practices at these institutions, which are among the leading hospitals in the country, our guess is that most of them try to adhere to their hospital's policies," Greer said.
The researchers urge a revamping of AAN guidelines so hospitals have clear principles for brain-death determination.
"We feel it is time for the previous AAN guidelines to be revised and made more explicit and possibly to create a web-based checklist that can help physicians perform brain death determination," Greer said. "We would hope that major institutions would then endorse these guidelines without further major modifications."
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