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(回答先: Re: エイズ＝殺人兵器説の隠蔽工作か（本文僅少） 投稿者 異論半論 日時 2008 年 10 月 06 日 21:20:04)
Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960
Michael Worobey1, Marlea Gemmel1, Dirk E. Teuwen2,3, Tamara Haselkorn1, Kevin Kunstman4, Michael Bunce5, Jean-Jacques Muyembe6,7, Jean-Marie M. Kabongo6, Raphaël M. Kalengayi6, Eric Van Marck8, M. Thomas P. Gilbert1,9 & Steven M. Wolinsky4
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Sanofi Pasteur, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
UCB SA Pharma, Braine l'Alleud, BE-1420, Belgium
The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
Ancient DNA Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Pathology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 864, Democratic Republic of the Congo
National Institute for Biomedical Research, National Laboratory of Public Health, Kinshasa B.P. 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Department of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
Present address: Centre for Ancient Genetics, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
Correspondence to: Michael Worobey1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.W. (Email: worobey@email.arizona.edu).
Top of pageAbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences that pre-date the recognition of AIDS are critical to defining the time of origin and the timescale of virus evolution1, 2. A viral sequence from 1959 (ZR59) is the oldest known HIV-1 infection1. Other historically documented sequences, important calibration points to convert evolutionary distance into time, are lacking, however; ZR59 is the only one sampled before 1976. Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a Bouin's-fixed paraffin-embedded lymph node biopsy specimen obtained in 1960 from an adult female in Léopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)), and we use them to conduct the first comparative evolutionary genetic study of early pre-AIDS epidemic HIV-1 group M viruses. Phylogenetic analyses position this viral sequence (DRC60) closest to the ancestral node of subtype A (excluding A2). Relaxed molecular clock analyses incorporating DRC60 and ZR59 date the most recent common ancestor of the M group to near the beginning of the twentieth century. The sizeable genetic distance between DRC60 and ZR59 directly demonstrates that diversification of HIV-1 in west-central Africa occurred long before the recognized AIDS pandemic. The recovery of viral gene sequences from decades-old paraffin-embedded tissues opens the door to a detailed palaeovirological investigation of the evolutionary history of HIV-1 that is not accessible by other methods.
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Sanofi Pasteur, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
UCB SA Pharma, Braine l'Alleud, BE-1420, Belgium
The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
Ancient DNA Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Pathology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 864, Democratic Republic of the Congo
National Institute for Biomedical Research, National Laboratory of Public Health, Kinshasa B.P. 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Department of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
Present address: Centre for Ancient Genetics, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
AIDS: Prehistory of HIV-1
Paul M. Sharp1 & Beatrice H. Hahn2
Top of pageAbstractThe origin of the current AIDS pandemic has been a subject of great interest and speculation. Viral archaeology sheds light on the geography and timescale of the early diversification of HIV-1 in humans.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) must have been spreading through the human population long before AIDS was first described in 1981, but very few strains from this 'prehistoric' period (pre-1980s) have been characterized. Viral sequences from earlier times can provide insight into the early spread of HIV-1, because the rapid rate of evolution of this virus — up to a million times faster than that of animal DNA — means that substantial amounts of sequence change occur in a matter of decades1.
Paul M. Sharp is at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
Email: paul.sharp@ed.ac.uk
Beatrice H. Hahn is in the Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
Email: bhahn@uab.edu
The changing face of HIV in China
Lin Lu1, Manhong Jia1, Yanling Ma1, Li Yang1, Zhiwei Chen2, David D. Ho3,4, Yan Jiang5 & Linqi Zhang6
Top of pageAbstractHIV has advanced from high-risk groups such as intravenous drug users to some in the general population, according to comprehensive new data from the south of China. What needs to be done to halt its spread?
The HIV-1/AIDS epidemic in China is at a critical juncture. Historically, HIV-1 infection has been largely confined to certain high-risk populations such as intravenous drug users and former blood and plasma donors in geographically disparate rural areas1, 2, 3.
An end to secrecy
Top of pageAbstractChina's continuing openness on HIV is a welcome development and a model for other nations.
As part of a special collection of articles on HIV, this week's issue contains a Feature by Linqi Zhang of Tsinghua University in Beijing and his colleagues on the status of HIV in southern China (see page 609). Their conclusions are alarming: HIV prevalence is no longer confined to high-risk groups such as those who inject themselves with drugs, but is now seeping into the general population. Some of the most rapid increases are among men in same-sex relationships. Moreover, the findings confirm what veteran outside-observers of China and those concerned with HIV globally have long suspected: patterns of infection in southern China are similar to those in other developing countries — especially those experiencing large-scale migration from rural areas to cities, which provides men and women with more opportunities for sex.
The good news, however, is that China is doing more to make its AIDS statistics available. Traditionally, China has controlled access to such information very tightly. After the first AIDS cases were reported in the 1980s, for example, it took the Chinese government more than a decade to acknowledge publicly that the epidemic even existed. But during the SARS epidemic of 2002–03, the government's secrecy drew the outrage of Chinese journalists and non-governmental organizations alike; the resulting outcry led to a change in official attitudes.
An end to secrecy
Top of pageAbstractChina's continuing openness on HIV is a welcome development and a model for other nations.
As part of a special collection of articles on HIV, this week's issue contains a Feature by Linqi Zhang of Tsinghua University in Beijing and his colleagues on the status of HIV in southern China (see page 609). Their conclusions are alarming: HIV prevalence is no longer confined to high-risk groups such as those who inject themselves with drugs, but is now seeping into the general population. Some of the most rapid increases are among men in same-sex relationships. Moreover, the findings confirm what veteran outside-observers of China and those concerned with HIV globally have long suspected: patterns of infection in southern China are similar to those in other developing countries — especially those experiencing large-scale migration from rural areas to cities, which provides men and women with more opportunities for sex.
The good news, however, is that China is doing more to make its AIDS statistics available. Traditionally, China has controlled access to such information very tightly. After the first AIDS cases were reported in the 1980s, for example, it took the Chinese government more than a decade to acknowledge publicly that the epidemic even existed. But during the SARS epidemic of 2002–03, the government's secrecy drew the outrage of Chinese journalists and non-governmental organizations alike; the resulting outcry led to a change in official attitudes.
The work of Zhang and his colleagues illustrates just how radical this change has been. Although the study was led by scientists inside China, the group included a leading US-based researcher, David Ho of the Rockefeller University in New York. The international team had full access to data supplied by government authorities — the results of tests from 3.2 million blood samples. And the authorities apparently made no attempt to control or influence the authors' opinions.
Giving outsiders access to sensitive public health information would have been unthinkable in China even a few years ago — just as it is in many Western countries even now. But then, China is slowly becoming more comfortable with the idea that all of society will benefit by sharing data and knowledge with others. Some of this transparency can be traced back to 1972 and the landmark meeting between US President Richard Nixon and China's Chairman Mao Zedong. As noted by the historian Margaret MacMillan, author of the 2007 book Nixon and Mao: The Week that Changed the World, China had a very pragmatic reason for the rapprochement: it needed access to US technology. That opening was greatly expanded by Mao's successor, Deng Xiaoping. Deng accelerated scientific contacts with the rest of the world, sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese students to study in Western universities, and in 1987 hosted a landmark scientific conference in Beijing between China and the international community (see page 598).
Of course, opening up on information is not the same as successfully controlling the spread of infection. Much more needs to be done if the government is to meet its self-imposed target of limiting the total number of cases of HIV infection to 1.5 million by 2010. Nonetheless, transparency is an essential first step. There are the many nations — in North Africa and the Middle East, for example — where public discussion of HIV and its causes is still not as open as it could be.
China was once in a similar position — but it changed. There are many good reasons why others should follow suit.
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http://www.natureasia.com/japan/nature/updates/index.php?i=68574
英文だと少しだけ長い。（医学論文の英文は厳しそうで読んでないが）
無料会員が読めるのはここまで。有料会員登録すると詳細な論文が読めます。医者でもない限り読む必要もないし、英文で医学論文を読む語学力も無いので、これで十分だろう。本文が短いから、陰謀隠蔽と考えるのは貴殿の短慮です。
私はインテリジェンスの方を信じます。裏工作や陰謀の類は肯定していますが、アポロ陰謀論とか、エイズ兵器説、HARRP地震兵器説などは妄想です。インテリジェンスを隠蔽する為に、トンデモ陰謀論は流布されていると思っています。トンデモ陰謀論の多くは、真実を隠す為に逆に利用されていると思っています。
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