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(回答先: 京、シンガポールなど標的に＝アルカイダがテロ計画か−仏捜査当局 時事 投稿者 倉田佳典 日時 2005 年 8 月 26 日 15:38:13)
もう慣れっこなので驚きません
Asian cities react calmly to a terror warning
Reuters, Agence France-Presse
SATURDAY, AUGUST 27, 2005
http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/08/26/news/terror.php
3つばかり原文記事を
http://news.ft.com/cms/s/33cb0c4c-15a8-11da-8085-00000e2511c8.html
Al-Qaeda ‘preparing to attack’ Asian city
By Martin Arnold in Paris
Published: August 25 2005 21:53 | Last updated: August 26 2005 03:02
Al-Qaeda is preparing an attack on a big financial centre in Asia, such as Tokyo, Sydney or Singapore, to undermine investor confidence in the region, France's top terrorist investigator warned yesterday.
Jean-Louis Bruguiere told the Financial Times yesterday that several Asian countries were less prepared than the US or Europe for such an attack.
“We are somewhat neglecting the capacity or desire of the al-Qaeda organisation to destabilise the south-east Asia region,” said the respected judge, who has orchestrated the arrests of hundreds of terrorist suspects in the past 20 years.
“We have several elements of information that make us think that countries in this region, especially Japan, could have been targeted,” said Mr Bruguiere.
He appears eager to raise public awareness of the growing threat to Asia, which is understood to have emerged from recent intelligence findings.
He argues that some Asian countries have less experience of Islamic terrorists than the US or Europe, making them more complacent about the risk of attack. An attack on an Asian financial centre, such as Tokyo or Sydney, would be symbolically important for al-Qaeda, he said, and designed to throw the region's recent economic boom into doubt.
“An attack on this country [Japan] would have a very serious effect. We forget that the al-Qaeda organisation is sharpening its strategy, more than just focusing on so-called soft targets it is looking to hit economic and financial centres.”
He says Singapore could also be vulnerable to attack, in spite of its efficient intelligence services.
“Any attack on a financial market, like Japan, would mechanically have an important economic impact on the confidence of investors. Other countries in this region, such as Singapore and Australia, are also potential targets.”
His comments were echoed by critics of the Japanese government, who said it was woefully unprepared for a possible terrorist attack.
Katsuya Okada, head of the opposition Democratic party vying for power ahead of next month's elections, said yesterday: “It is not a question of whether terrorism will occur in Japan but when.”
Mr Bruguiere visited Australia last month to question Jack Roche, a convicted terrorist who admitted plotting to bomb Israeli interests in Sydney and Canberra in 2000. The French judge said: “There is not enough public consciousness of the terrorist risk.”
“This lack of consciousness makes it extremely difficult for governments to pass laws that are pro-active and allow their law enforcement and intelligence services to pre-empt attacks and aggressively anticipate threats. There is more work to be done to sensitise the public to the threat.”
Additional reporting by Mariko Sanchanta in Tokyo, John Burton in Singapore and Tim Johnston in SydneyOkada challenges Koizumi, Page 3
http://news.ft.com/cms/s/d7331da0-1587-11da-8085-00000e2511c8.html
Interview transcript: Jean-Louis Bruguiere
The FT’s Martin Arnold talks to France’s top anti-terrorist judge
Published: August 25 2005 21:53 | Last updated: August 25 2005 21:53
FT: What is your reaction to the July 7 bombings in London?
J-L B: Unfortunately I am not very surprised, because since the Madrid attacks there has been a strong upsurge in terms of the threat to Europe.
The incontestable catalyst of this upsurge is Iraq. Since 2003 we have seen an increase in propaganda and recruitment by al-Qaeda organizations using the Iraq problem as an extremely powerful lever to justify the amplification of the jihad and the identification of Europe as a core target, which was less of a case beforehand, for tactical and strategic reasons.
The Iraqi crisis, even before the US invasion, had a real effect on the level of threat for Europe and in France, in particular.
One of the principal effects has been in terms of recruitment, both with the swing of fundamentalists into radicalism, among the second or third generation of North African immigrants even non-Islamic individuals who have been seduced by the propaganda of al-Qaeda.
There has been a noticeable rise in recruits and converts to Islamism. Such a rise has been observed across Europe, it is not just a French phenomenon. In addition, we have seen recently that people are hardening their discourse and their commitment.
FT: Were there warning signs of a growing threat to Europe before the London bombs?
J-L B: In my opinion the most interesting attack for analysis is the one in Istanbul. The symbolism is a fundamental element that we neglect in the overall problem. The issue is not just about the number of victims, it is also the value of the event in a media, political and geopolitical context.
Istanbul is a European target, all about Turkey’s application for European Union membership. It is incontestable that the real target was British, with the consulate and HSBC being hit. It was a direct warning. The state visit of President Bush to the UK on that day should also be taken into account. It is the first time that al-Qaeda interfered with the political agenda of states.
FT: How do the French and British approaches to terrorism differ?
J-L B: London and Paris have different approaches to these networks. Our connected and pro-active policy of permanent struggle is due to historical considerations, such as the attacks of the GIA we were subjected to in the 1990s. Other European countries were not concerned by that, which did not allow a global response at that time.
The importance of the radical Pakistan-based organizations linked to al-Qaeda and operating around the world, notably in Europe, is another remark you can make. The fact that the UK has a large Pakistani community means it is more affected by this problem than other states.
It is the globalisation of the terrorist threat. Today we can visualize it as a system of concentric circles. First is the core of al-Qaeda, or what is left of it. Then there are regional organizations, which are still structured for now. For instance, the Chechen independence movement is completely linked to al-Qaeda, in the strictest sense, and there is proof of that now. The third circle is comprised of a loose and informal conglomeration of radical Islamic militants located in Europe.
FT: Why have these differences occurred?
J-L B: There are differences between France and the UK, both for judicial reasons in the organization of the legal systems and in the strategic conceptions of the threat. In France we have always thought, since the 1990s, that the Islamic threat was a dangerous one and that the Algerian problem was not a political, diplomatic or bi-lateral problem for France, but was the premise of a much more global threat. That was not perceived by all our partners. Even in 1999 there was little resonance.
The second factor is that in France since 1986 we have deliberately put the legal system at the center of the struggle. That is how we have developed a pro-active policy, which means giving the arm of the law the ability to apply pressure in a policy of prevention.
This means doing away with the distinctions between repression done by the judiciary and prevention as carried out by the intelligence services. The barrier no longer exists. The advantage of this is that the legal system is more credible and less contested. By working more closely with the secret services the legal system is reinforced.
Our system is much more flexible as it is civil law rather than common law. The source of the law are legal texts, not jurisprudence of previous decisions. We don’t have to bow to legal precedents, as in the UK or US, which prevents their system from evolving. As a result the US and UK have been forced to seek other answers to the new threat, some of which are often outside the law.
All the debate in the common law systems will be about the admissibility of evidence. In the French system all types of evidence are admissible but they do not have the same weight. As a result, sharing intelligence information in the law enforcement area is not an insurmountable obstacle and can be a starting-point for our enquiries.
FT: Should the UK adopt the French model?
J-L B: The French model is not transferable directly to the UK because of the differences in judicial structure and organization. But the problems are the same everywhere and France could be seen as a source of ideas, for instance on how to get the intelligence services working more closely with law enforcement.
Our offence of ‘criminal association with a terrorist enterprise’ is much stiffer than the British offence of conspiracy. It includes any activity, whether logistics or financial, that helps a terrorist activity, whether or not the group or its objective has been identified.
In France we can hold a suspect for four days without them being charged or gaining full access to a lawyer. Every year France has disrupted terrorist threats, such as the attempt in 2000 to bomb the Christmas market in Strasbourg. We have not suffered a terrorist attack since 1996. We do not have a system that is as tough as the British for expelling radicals.
FT: Where do you see the next terrorist threats coming from?
J-L B: Contrary to what has always been thought, the Chechen fighters are totally linked to al-Qaeda. We have found proof of operational links between high ranking members of al-Qaeda, and the Caucuses. This region was playing an important role of training for jihadists and still represents a serious risk in the development of non-conventional weapons. There is a serious danger of a northern arc of crisis from the Caucuses, passing by Azerbaijan, to central Asia, and leading on to the Pakistan-Afghanistan region.
We are somewhat neglecting the capacity or desire of the al-Qaeda organization to destabilise the south-east Asia region. We have several elements of information that make us think that countries in this region, especially Japan, could have been targeted. An attack on this country would have a very serious effect.
We forget that the al-Qaeda organization is sharpening its strategy, more than just focusing on so-called soft targets it is looking to hit economic and financial centers. They have understood that oil is a great tool to increase anxiety and produce a damaging economic effect.
They know the economic reality well. Any attack on a financial market, like Japan, would mechanically have an important economic impact on the confidence of investors. Other countries in this region, such as Singapore and Australia, are also potential targets.
There is not enough public consciousness of the terrorist risk. Everyone talks about it, perhaps a little too much, but public opinion is not necessarily aware enough of the danger. This lack of consciousness makes it extremely difficult for governments to pass laws that are pro-active and allow their law enforcement and intelligence services to pre-empt attacks and aggressively anticipate threats. There is more work to be done to sensitise the public to the threat.
FT: Is France worried about former Algerian terrorists linking up with al-Qaeda?
J-L B: The people who used to be members of GIA in Algeria have changed hats and followed the evolution by joining al-Qaeda. They are the same people, we have known them since the start and built up a database on them. France was the country most concerned by this problem during the cold war.
http://news.ft.com/cms/s/af5845fa-158f-11da-8085-00000e2511c8.html
‘Le sheriff’ warns on globalisation of terrorism
By Martin Arnold in Paris
Published: August 25 2005 21:53 | Last updated: August 25 2005 21:53
After hunting down Islamic terrorists for 20 years, often at great personal risk, Jean-Louis Bruguiere is better placed than most people to predict al-Qaeda's next move.
France's best known anti-terrorist judge says he was “unfortunately not very surprised” by the July 7 bombings in London. “Since the Madrid attacks [in March 2004] there has been a strong upsurge in the threat to Europe,” says the 62-year-old, nicknamed “le sheriff” for his old habit of carrying a handgun in public.
He says there were signs the UK was likely to be the next target well before July 7. “In my opinion the most interesting attack for analysis is the one in Istanbul [in November 2003]. It is incontestable that the real target was British, with the consulate and HSBC [bank] being hit. It was a direct warning.”
The state visit by President George W. Bush to the UK on the same day as the bombs in Turkey also had great symbolic value, he says. “It is the first time that al-Qaeda interfered with the political agenda of states.”
“The symbolism is a fundamental element that we neglect in the overall problem.” For the terrorists, he says “the issue is not just about the number of victims, it is also the value of the event in a media, political and geopolitical context”.
The UK also faces a particular problem because of its large Pakistani population, he says. “The importance of the radical Pakistan-based organisations linked to al-Qaeda and operating around the world, notably in Europe, is another remark you can make.” He says the UK “is more affected by this problem than other states”.
Pakistani links to al-Qaeda in the UK are an example of the “globalisation of the terrorist threat”, a favourite theme of Mr Bruguiere. “Today we can visualise it as a system of concentric circles. First is the core of al-Qaeda, or what is left of it.”
Next is a second circle of “regional organisations, which are still structured for now”. An example is the Chechen independence movement, which he says is “completely linked to al-Qaeda, in the strictest sense, and there is proof of that now”. The third circle is comprised of a “loose and informal conglomeration of radical Islamic militants located in Europe”.
Mr Bruguiere has been warning about the growing threat of Islamic terrorists since a series of bombs in Paris in the mid-1980s.
Long before September 11, he was warning about the risk of terrorists using an aircraft as a bomb, after foiling the 1994 hijacking of an Air France jet by Algerian radicals planning to crash it into the Eiffel tower. People pay more attention to him now. Few countries have invested their legal system with more authority to investigate and pre-empt terrorist attacks than France. Mr Bruguiere can get warrants to tap phones, search houses and lock people up for days with little more than an intelligence tip-off.
He can hold suspects for 96 hours before they are charged or see a lawyer. “Association with criminals involved in a terrorist enterprise” carries a 10-year prison sentence and encompasses everything from financing terrorists to holding a false passport.
Since 1986 specialist anti-terrorist judges, led by Mr Bruguiere, have worked alongside police and intelligence teams in a special anti-terror unit. “By working more closely with the secret services the legal system is reinforced.” In contrast, the UK suffers from not having a “centralised” approach to terrorism, making it difficult to know “who is the best interlocutor” he says.
Mr Bruguiere says France's “connected and pro-active policy of permanent struggle” reflects its history, and the recent memory of attacks by the Algerian GIA terror group on the Paris metro in the 1990s. “Other European countries were not concerned by that, which did not allow a global response at that time.”
He dismisses recent calls for the UK to adopt the French model. “The French model is not directly transferable to the UK because of the differences in judicial structure and organisation.” However, he says France could be a source of ideas, such as on how to get intelligence services working more closely with law enforcement.
Because the US and UK have common law systems, he says they are often forced to seek solutions “outside the law”, such as the US use of Guantanamo Bay to imprison suspected terrorists.
Mr Bruguiere no longer carries his Magnum. It has been replaced by six police bodyguards permanently assigned to him.
Yet the man who has arrested more than 500 suspects, including most famously Carlos “the Jackal”, is credited with foiling dozens of terrorist plots in France.
“Every year France has disrupted terrorist threats, such as the attempt in 2000 to bomb the Christmas market in Strasbourg. We have not suffered a terrorist attack since 1996.”
His warning that Asian financial centres are vulnerable to attack should not be taken lightly.
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