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英文記事「７３１部隊に現金供与 米、細菌兵器開発を優先」関連
これは、以下の投稿に対するフォローである。中国からの情報は、南京攻略戦で実験が行われたとするものである。
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７３１部隊に現金供与 米、細菌兵器開発を優先 (共同通信）
http://www.asyura2.com/0505/war73/msg/379.html
投稿者 彗星 日時 2005 年 8 月 14 日 22:13:35: HZN1pv7x5vK0M
７３１部隊に現金供与 米、細菌兵器開発を優先
【ワシントン１４日共同】第２次大戦中に中国で細菌による人体実験を行った旧関東軍防疫給水部（７３１部隊）の関係者に対し、連合国軍総司令部（ＧＨＱ）が終戦２年後の１９４７年、実験データをはじめとする情報提供の見返りに現金を渡すなどの秘密資金工作を展開していたことが１４日、米公文書から明らかになった。総額は、国家公務員（大卒）の初任給ベースで比較すると、現在の価値で２０００万円以上に達する。
人体実験で３０００人ともいわれる犠牲者を出した同部隊をめぐっては、ＧＨＱが終戦直後に戦犯訴追の免責を約束したことが分かっているが、米国が積極的に働き掛ける形で資金工作を実施していた事実が判明したのは初めて。文書は、米国が７３１部隊の重大な戦争犯罪を認識していたにもかかわらず、細菌兵器の開発を最優先した実態を記している。
（18:14）
http://flash24.kyodo.co.jp/?MID=KCH&PG=STORY&NGID=intl&NWID=2005081401005912
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http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200508/s1437314.htm
Last Update: Monday, August 15, 2005. 0:19am (AEST)
US paid for Japanese human germ warfare data
The United States gave money and other benefits to former members of a Japanese germ warfare unit two years after the end of World War II to obtain data on human experiments the unit conducted in China.
The Imperial Japanese Army established Unit 731 in 1936 to develop biological weapons using plague, anthrax and other bacteria.
Headquartered in the suburbs of Harbin in China's Heilongjiang Province, the unit conducted germ warfare in various places in China and used Chinese, Russians and others as subjects in human experiments.
The US-led allied powers that occupied Japan offered to waive war crime charges at the war tribunal for officers of Unit 731 set up by the Imperial Japanese Army in exchange for experiment data.
But two declassified US Government documents reveal Washington's eagerness to obtain such data extended to providing monetary rewards, despite the awful nature of Unit 731's activities, in an apparent attempt to beat the Soviet Union in the arms development race.
Historians believe that some 3,000 people died in the human experiments conducted in China by the unit led by military doctor Shiro Ishii before and during the war.
The total amount paid to unnamed former members of the infamous unit was somewhere between 150,000 to 200,000 yen, equivalent to about 20 million ($2.37 million) to 40 million yen today.
The two declassified documents were found in the US National Archives by Keiichi Tsuneishi, professor at Kanagawa University and an expert on biological and chemical weapons.
One of the top-secret documents was a "report on bacteriological warfare" for the chief of staff of the Far Eastern Commission, dated July 17, 1947, compiled by Brigadier General Charles Willoughby, head of the "G2" intelligence unit of the US-led occupation forces in Japan.
The other was a letter dated July 22 the same year that Brig Gen Willoughby sent to Major General SJ Chamberlin, director of intelligence of the US War Department General Staff, to illustrate the need for continued use of confidential funds without restrictions to obtain such intelligence.
In the documents, Willoughby described the achievements of his unit's investigations, saying the "information procured will have the greatest value in future development of the US BW (bacteriological warfare) program".
Citing a US War Department specialist in charge of the investigation, Brig Gen Willoughby wrote in the report that "data on human experiments may prove invaluable" and said the information was "only obtainable through the skilful, psychological approach to top-flight pathologists" involved in Unit 731 experiments.
The US side provided money, food, gifts, entertainment and other kinds of rewards to the former Unit 731 members, according to the report.
"All of these actions did not amount to more than (150,000-200,000) yen, netting the (United States) the fruit of 20 years' laboratory tests and research," the report says.
Brig Gen Willoughby described the cost as a "mere pittance" in his letter to Maj Gen Chamberlin.
Professor Tsuneishi said it had been thought that the US had gathered the information high-handedly by making unit members choose between cooperating or facing war crime charges, "but it has become clear that this was done by winning (unit members') hearts with money and rewards".
The General Headquarters (GHQ) of the US-led occupation forces started interrogating senior officers of Unit 731 soon after the end of war but the members denied having conducted human experiments.
The truth did not come to light until the latter half of 1946 when senior Japanese army officers detained in the Soviet Union confessed about the experiments.
In 1947, the GHQ moved to gather experiment data but because war crime charges against the Unit 731 officers had been waived by then, the GHQ was apparently forced to offer monetary rewards to access the information.
-Kyodo
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http://english.people.com.cn/200508/13/eng20050813_202077.html
UPDATED: 10:17, August 13, 2005
Scholar: 270,000 Chinese civilians victimized by Japanese germ warfare
Invading Japanese troops set up 60 germ warfare units from 1932 to 1945 in China and victimized at least 270,000 Chinese civilians, a Chinese woman professor said.
During the World War II, Japanese aggressors sent special germ warfare units and installed research and production center for germ weapons in China, said Wang Xuan, a Chinese professor leadinga legal group to assist World War II victims suing Japan for damages inflicted by its germ warfare.
Japanese troops even used germ weapons against Chinese civilians in battles and released plague, anthracnose and glanderson Chinese mountains, forests, rivers and fields, victimizing thousands of Chinese people, the professor said.
She made the remarks at an international workshop on the Holocaust and the Nanjing Massacre held on Tuesday in Nanjing, capital of east China's Jiangsu Province.
"However, such brutal and evil crimes committed by the the Japanese invading troops such as bacteria experiments on human bodies and germ warfare are still rarely known to the world today," she said.
"The invading Japanese troops even used germ warfare in all battlefields in China, though the use of germ weapons in wars is very uncommon worldwide," she said.
According to the research by Wang and other scholars, Japanese troops set up the first germ warfare experimental unit in 1932 in Beiyinhe, a district of Wuchang County in northeast China's Heilongjiang Province.
In accordance with a secret order from the Japanese emperor, theinvading troops established the notorious Unit 731 in Harbin in 1936 to develop and produce germ weapons based on bacteria experiments on human bodies.
Following the establishment of Unit 731, germ warfare units were set up in succession in China's major cities from north to south including Changchun, Nanjing, Beijing and Guangzhou.
With altogether 60 units and branches across China, germ warfare divisions involved more than 10,000 troops. In 1945 when the war ended, Unit 731 still had more than 3,000 staff members.
Unit 731 in Harbin and Unit 100 in Changchun manufactured a great amount of plague and glanders during the war, Wang said.
Unit 731 could produce approximately 600 kilograms of anthracnose bacteria in one month alone, while Unit 100 manufactured 100 kilograms of anthracnose bacteria and more than 500 kilograms of glanders bacteria between 1941 and 1942.
Research show that the invading Japanese troops started their germ warfare as early as in 1938.
The after-war investigations indicated that the Japanese troopswaged germ war in more than 20 Chinese provinces. East China's Zhejiang Province and Jiangxi Province and central China's Hunan Province were among most afflicted areas.
Six decades after the war, the Japanese government still refuses to compensate the Chinese victims .
In July this year, the Tokyo High Court rejected appeals by180 Chinese demanding compensation for damage caused by Japan'sWorld War II germ warfare program.
Upholding a lower court verdict, the Tokyo High Court acknowledged damage was caused by Japan's germ warfare in China, but ruled that the Japanese government is not responsible for compensating Chinese victims.
Wang, the plaintiff group leader, called on all social circles to show concern and support about the war victims physically and mentally.
"(Popular support) is the most direct counterpunch against Japan's denial of its germ warfare and aggression against China," she said.
"The truth of history cannot be blotted out," she added.
Source: Xinhua
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http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/nation/userobject1ai1342383.html
Horrors of Japan's germ warfare bared
13/8/2005 10:15
Invading Japanese troops set up 60 germ warfare units from 1932 to 1945 in China and victimized at least 270,000 civilians, a Chinese professor said.
During World War II, Japanese troops sent special germ warfare units and installed a research and production center for germ weapons in China, said Wang Xuan, a professor leading a legal group to assist World War II victims suing Japan for damages inflicted by its germ warfare.
Japanese troops even used germ weapons against Chinese civilians in battles and released plague, anthracnose and glanders on mountains, forests, rivers and fields, victimizing thousands of Chinese people, she said.
"However, such brutal and evil crimes committed by the Japanese troops, such as bacteria experiments on human bodies and germ warfare, are still rarely known to the world today," she said.
According to research by Wang and other scholars, Japanese troops set up the first germ warfare experimental unit in 1932 in Beiyinhe, a district of Wuchang County in northeastern China's Heilongjiang Province.
In accordance with a secret order from the Japanese emperor, the invading troops established the notorious Unit 731 in Harbin in 1936 to develop and produce germ weapons based on bacteria experiments on human bodies.
Following the establishment of Unit 731, germ warfare units were set up in succession in China's major cities from north to south, including Changchun, Nanjing, Beijing and Guangzhou.
With 60 units and branches across China, germ warfare divisions involved more than 10,000 troops. In 1945 when the war ended, Unit 731 still had more than 3,000 staff members.
Unit 731 in Harbin and Unit 100 in Changchun manufactured a great amount of plague and glanders during the war, Wang said.
Unit 731 could produce about 600 kilograms of anthracnose bacteria in one month alone, while Unit 100 manufactured 100kg of anthracnose bacteria and more than 500kg of glanders bacteria in 1941 and 1942.
(Xinhua)
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http://english.people.com.cn/200508/10/eng20050810_201467.html
UPDATED: 16:42, August 10, 2005
Nanjing: Japanese aggressors' largest germ experiment base
The "Unit 731" of the Japanese aggressors is notorious for conducting germ warfare experiment in northeast China. But a survey report organized by history professor Jing Shenghong at Nanjing Normal University shows that the Japanese aggressors also conducted the extremely cruel germ tests on living humans in Nanjing. A base built in this city was the Japanese aggressors' largest germ experiment base in China.
The name of the base is Nanjing 1644 germ warfare unit. It was one of the three germ warfare units set up at the same time in north, central and south China.
The headquarters of Unit 1644 was set up in Nanjing Army Central Hospital at the Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing. A four-storied building in the compound was the heart of the whole Unit 1644, where germ weapon and poison gas weapon experiments were carried out. The then Japanese authorities and Shiro Ishii gave high importance to the germ warfare research by Unit 1644. They not only provided the unit with the best camps, buildings, equipment and logistics, but also unusual and sufficient funds. Those working in the headquarters and branches of Unit 1644 exceeded 1,500.
Cultivating deadly bacteria such as cholera, typhoid and plague was a main specialty of Unit 1644 which based its production plant in the northeast corner of Nanjing. The fourth commander of Unit 1644 admitted in court that the unit could mass-produce deadly bacteria. With its enormous production capability Unit 1644 could make 10 kilogram condensed living germ liquid.
According to studies by American professor Harris, the minimum estimate shows that during its 6-year existence the Nanjing germ unit killed at least 1,200 people during tests.
By People's Daily Online
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http://english.people.com.cn/200508/03/eng20050803_200004.html
UPDATED: 09:58, August 03, 2005
Archives give up secrets of Japan's Unit 731
Recently uncovered archives are shedding new light on the chilling details of human experiments carried out more than 60 years ago by Japan's infamous Unit 731.
At a news conference Tuesday, researchers in Harbin, capital of Northeast China's Heilongjiang Province, formally presented Japanese files recording details of 1,463 people secretly transported to Unit 731 in the Pingfang District of suburban Harbin shortly before and during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937-45).
The files include full descriptions of 318 cases, including at least 25 victims from the former Soviet Union, Mongolia and Korea.
The files record victims' names, ages, occupations, place of birth and some even contain victims' photographs along with lists of their supposed crimes.
Some are described as "incorrigible", "die-hard anti-Japanese," and "of no value or use."
"This is direct evidence proving Unit 731 conducted biological experiments on live human beings," Jin Chengmin, an expert on Unit 731 from the Harbin Academy of Social Sciences, told China Daily.
Jin said he and his late colleague Han Xiao had spent 20 years going through archives all over the country to collect scattered wartime files left by the Japanese forces.
The files were marked "Special Deportation," indicating the victims were condemned to be sent to Unit 731.
According to Jin, the "special deportation" started on January 26, 1936, when Ishii Shiro, lieutenant-general of Unit 731, felt he needed more human guinea pigs to conduct experiments on.
"These 'special deportations' ensured a supply of human guinea pigs and are a key part of the crimes," Jin said, adding that "by conservative estimates" at least 5,000 people were tortured to death by Unit 731 and its predecessor from 1933 to 1945.
Opening up the archives and identifying victims will allow their offspring and relatives know more about what happened to their ancestors, Jin said.
"Most of the families have no idea what their relatives went through or that they died in that hell-like place," he said.
Unit 731 was notorious for experimenting on live humans in order to develop biological weapons, such as bubonic plague, typhoid, anthrax and cholera.
Outside the camp, an estimated more than 200,000 Chinese were killed by biological weapons produced in the laboratories of Unit 731.
As well as Chinese victims, Russians, Mongolians, Koreans and some prisoners of war from the United States and Europe died in the camp. Historians said Unit 731 would have had the capability to wipe out all human beings on earth if it had kept up full production of its weapons for just one year.
Source: China Daily
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http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200508/200508030013.html
Updated Aug.3,2005 19:02 KST
Identities of Unit 731 Victims Unearthed
A Chinese specialist has unearthed the names of 318 victims of Unit 731, a Japanese squad that performed grisly human experiments including vivisection of people deliberately infected with deadly diseases in occupied China during World War II. The butchers kept methodical records of their atrocities that reveal the names, ages and place of birth of the victims, who include four Koreans.
Jin Chengmin, an expert on Unit 731 from the Harbin Academy of Social Sciences, discovered the details in Japanese military documents kept at Central Archives and the archives of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces, Chinese media reported Tuesday.
The four Koreans were Lee Gi-su, 28, from Shinheung, North Hamgyeong Province, Han Seong-jin, 30, from Gyeongseong, North Hamgyeong Province, Kim Seong-seo from Gilju, North Hamgyeong Province and Ko Chang-nyul, 42, from Hoeyang, Gangwon Province. When and where they were arrested was also noted. Chinese media published a photo of Lee Gi-su alongside the original instructions by a Japanese military policeman.
The Heilongjiang Province news site Northeast.cn said the documents Jin obtained, dispatched with the signature of the commander of military police with Japan’s Kwantung Army, were marked "special transfer" and "top secret." Jin said "special transfer" was code for the use of human subjects in germ warfare experiments.
In total 1,463 individuals were sent to Unit 731 by Kwantung Army military police, mostly Chinese, Korean, Soviet and Mongolian underground agents, soldiers with the Chinese Communist Eighth Route Army or anti-Japanese fighters. Northeast.cn said after Kwantung Army MPs arrested them, they were categorized as "highly anti-Japanese individuals," "likely repeat offenders" and "useless individuals" and deported to Unit 731 as subjects for experiments. Jin said Unit 731's human experiments were based on Special Transfer Order No. 58 of Jan. 26, 1938 by Kwantung Army Command and was the Japanese military's most closely guarded secret.
Lee Gi-su, a Korean victim of Unit 731's human experiments
(englishnews@chosun.com )
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http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/17697
WWII's Japanese War Lords Left off the Hook!
by William Hughes
(Friday August 12 2005)
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"One sad consequence of this censoring of history is that the American heroes of WWII in the Pacific, the hundreds of thousands who fought and died fighting against the Japanese Imperialists, remain mostly unsung."
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Recently, ceremonies of “Remembrance” were held for the victims of the U.S.’ A-bombings of Japan. No mention, however, was made of the fascist Japanese War Lords, like Hideki Tojo, who had launched wars of aggression against Asian/Pacific states, beginning in 1931, and with the U.S., in 1941. Tojo’s granddaughter recently said, “Japan didn’t fight wars of aggression.” Ignoring the evils of the War Lords plays into the hands of the Revisionists.
Some of the ways in which the August, 1945 A-bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the U.S. were recalled recently grossly distorted history and were very one-sided. They leave the WWII's Japanese War Lords, and war criminals, like Hideki Tojo, off the hook for their horrific crimes against humanity, which included the killing of millions of peoples, especially in China. Also, over 200,000 women in the territories occupied by Japan: China, Korea and other Asian/Pacific states, were turned into sexual slaves (“comfort women”) to serve the officers of the Japanese Imperial Army. [1] Although Tojo, with others, was put on trial for his war crimes after WWII and executed for his evil deeds, [2] his granddaughter recently insisted that he was a scapegoat and that “Japan didn’t fight wars of aggression.” [3]
The Baltimore Sun reporting on Aug. 9, 2005, about the Nagasaki ‘Remembrance’ ceremony, said the mayor of that city, “criticized U.S. nuclear policy...” However, the Nagasaki mayor didn’t say one single word about how Japanese fascists were responsible for launching WWII. So, what are the people of his city to think? Probably, that America was the aggressor in the conflict and that Japan was just an innocent victim! I’m afraid the new generation growing up in Japan isn’t being told the entire truth about WWII, nor, as well, are their counterparts in the U.S. How then, are they ever to learn the lessons of the history of that critical period?
The fanatical Japanese War Lords, who were political cronies of the equally fanatical Nazis, are the ones who started the conflict with the U.S. by their preemptive attack on Pearl Harbor. (Haven't we heard that word "preemptive" a lot lately?) The War Lords, with their Imperial Army, are the ones who also rampaged through China, Korea, Manchuria, Singapore, the Philippines, and other countries in the Asia/Pacific region, beginning in 1931, and up until 1945. (1) They left in their bloodstained wake massive destruction, death, misery and mayhem. In December, 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army occupied the city of Nanking, in China. Within a period of three months, it had slaughtered roughly 350,000 Chinese and raped an estimated 20,000 women. According to the author of the expose', "The Rape of Nanking," the victims: men, women and children were “killed with bayonets, swords, even bamboo sticks. Their bodies [were] sexually mutilated.” [4]
Unfortunately, the frame of reference that is used surrounding events remembering the dropping of the A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain little or no context like the above. It’s all about the Americans dropping the A-bombs and the Japanese victims. Period! Case closed! The vicious Japanese thugs who began a campaign of naked aggression against their neighboring countries as early as 1931, (and deliberately, without any warning, attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, with hopes of landing a knockout punch on the U.S.), and, who are ultimately responsible for all the carnage that followed, including the inexcusable maltreatment of POWs, aren't even mentioned! Can you image someone letting Adolf Hitler's murderous Nazi gang get off that easily for its massive crimes against humanity during WWII?
Biological warfare was also on the agenda of these scheming Japanese fascists. From 1932 to 1945, Imperial Japan was developing germ warfare for its military. This notorious project centered mostly in northern China, became known as “Unit 731.” Thousands of Chinese men, women and children, Koreans, and POWs, too, including some Americans, were infested with strains of anthrax, bubonic plague, cholera and other diseases. In all, an estimated 580,000 victims died. The scientist, who ran the operation, Dr. Shiro Ishii, incredibly, escaped prosecution for his wrongdoings. [5] Does anyone doubt that these dangerous biological chemicals would have, if possible, been used on American cities by these demented War Lords?
Few Americans of my generation will ever forget the stories about the “Bataan Death March” of April 9th-15th, 1942. [6] On those dates, surrendering American and Filipino POWs, 70,000 of them, were forced to march by their Japanese captors, 65 miles in searing heat to a prison camp, located at Camp O’Donnell. Bataan is a peninsula found in the Luzon providence of the Philippines. With little or no water or food, almost 10,000 perished along the way. Some were left out in the sun to die, others were beheaded for falling behind or killed for just no reason at all. No mercy was shown the desperate POWs by the Japanese. After the war, the Japanese monster in charge of that ghastly operation, General Masharu Homma, was convicted of War Crimes and executed on April 3, 1946, outside of Manila.
And, then there is also that shocking, never-to-be-forgotten photo of the badly-emaciated General Jonathan Wainwright. He was the highest ranking American POW of the so-called “Japanese Empire.” Wainwright, and the troops under his command, gallantly defended the island of Corregidor fortress in the Philippines until required to surrender on May 6, 1942, to the overwhelming Japanese forces. He then spent the next three years as a POW, barely kept alive by his captors, until the prison camp that he was confined in, on Manchuria, was liberated by the Russian Army. [7]
One of the worst Japanese atrocities occurred late in the war. On Dec. 17, 1944, the Japanese guards at the Palwawan camp (Philippines) herded 150 American POWs into three covered trenches. The trenches were then set on fire and as the POWs tried to escape the blaze, they were shot and killed. Only 11 of the 150 POWs were able to survive that massacre. [8]
One sad consequence of this censoring of history is that the American heroes of WWII in the Pacific, the hundreds of thousands who fought and died fighting against the Japanese Imperialists, remain mostly unsung. Many of them, men, and women, too, came out of the working class and off the farms of our nation. I also believe that the innocent peoples of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in 1945, could have been saved from destruction, if those same fanatical Japanese War Lords, the ones who also condoned burying people alive; men, women and children in China, would have done the right thing and surrendered to the Allied Forces, when they knew that their cause was hopeless. If they weren't fanatics, than why didn't they surrender after Hiroshima? Why did they force the U.S. drop a second bomb? The devastating human toll of those two A-bombings should primarily be attributed to the unbridled fanaticism of the fascist Japanese War Lords. They brought the world the evils of Japanese Imperialism-Racism and Militarism. [9]
Finally, I say: Stop turning a blind eye to the barbaric crimes of the fascist Japanese War Lords. It will only favor a revisionist revival in Japan. Do you really want history to repeat itself?
Notes:
[1]. http://www.kimsoft.com/kr-japan.htm
[2]. http://english.sohu.com/20050608/n225859100.shtml
[3]. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?
nn20050608a2.htm
[4]. “The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust,” by Iris Chang. If you are up to it, there is also a book of photographs of that gory massacre, which can be found at: http://www.tribo.org/nanking/index.html
[5]. “A Plague Upon Humanity: The Secret Genocide of Axis Japan’s Germ Warfare Operation,” by Daniel Barenblatt.
[6]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_March (Photo of "Bataan Death March," Courtesy of the U.S. National Archives at: www.archives.com)
[7]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Mayhew_Wainwright_IV
#World_War_II
[8]. http://www.redearth.webtol.com/bataan.html
[9]. The fire bombings of Tokyo and Dresden actually took more innocent lives than did the A-bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. See, http://oracknows.blogspot.com/2005/03/60-
years-ago-tonight-firebombing-of.html
Source:
by courtesy & 2005 William Hughes
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William Hughes is a Baltimore attorney and the author of "Andrew Jackson vs. New World Order" (Authors Choice Press) and “Saying ‘No’ to the War Party”. He contributed this article to Media Monitors Network (MMN) from Maryland, USA.
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