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2005年8月15日(月)「しんぶん赤旗」
米国の牛肉検査は穴だらけ 安全確保へ独立機関つくれ 米紙がＢＳＥ対策批判
http://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik4/2005-08-15/2005081501_04_3.html
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【ワシントン＝山崎伸治】米紙ニューヨーク・タイムズは十三日付の社説で、牛海綿状脳症（ＢＳＥ）問題について、米農務省が消費者の安全よりも食肉産業の利益を守る側に立っていると批判し、「農務省から独立して食品の安全を確保する機関をつくるべきだ」と主張しました。
米国では七月末にＢＳＥの疑いのある牛が見つかり、「陰性」と判定されました。「しかし米国産牛肉に安心する理由はない」と社説は指摘。その理由として、米農務省が「米国産牛肉が完全に安全だと確実にいえるだけの検査の実施を求めていない」ことを指摘しています。
ＢＳＥの原因は草食動物である牛に肉骨粉を与えることにあり、米食品医薬品局（ＦＤＡ）もそれは禁じています。ところが「ＦＤＡの査察体制は不十分で抜け穴だらけ」、しかも牛の血液を与えることは認められているほか、牛の肉や骨を原料としたニワトリ用飼料を牛に与えることも行われています。
社説は、農務省が危険部位除去のルールを強化しても、英国や日本と違って個体識別制度を義務付けていないため、三十カ月を超えた牛の危険部位が食肉に混入する可能性を指摘。米国では食肉処理される牛の１％未満しかＢＳＥ検査されておらず、全頭検査を実施しようとした大手食肉会社に対して農務省が「他の会社への圧力になる」として拒否したと述べています。
社説は、米政府が「安全性を確保することで他国の信用を得るのではなく、政治的影響力に頼っている」として、ブッシュ大統領が日本に米国産牛肉の輸入再開の圧力をかけていることをあげています。
Editorial Safer Beef
Published: August 13, 2005
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/13/opinion/13sat1.html?n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fEditorials
Fears of another case of mad cow disease in the United States have faded for the time being because tests on the most recent suspect animal came back negative. But that is no reason to feel confident about the American beef supply. American cows still eat food that can potentially infect them with mad cow disease. American meatpackers use dangerous methods that other countries ban. And the United States Department of Agriculture does not require enough testing to ensure that American beef is completely safe.
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U.S.D.A. officials and spokesmen for the meatpacking industry argue that the public is protected by current safety procedures. The chance of human infection is indeed very low - but the disease that mad cow induces in human is always fatal, so extreme caution is warranted. The Agriculture Department is hamstrung by its dual and conflicting mission: to promote the nation's meat industry and to protect the consumer. It's clear which is winning.
In April, Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns suggested that the mad cow rules might even be relaxed to allow companies to sell some cows too sick to walk for use in human food. Instead of reacting to the confirmation of a case of mad cow in June by fixing the remaining loopholes in the system, Mr. Johanns announced that he had eaten beef for lunch.
Mad cow disease lurks in the animal's nervous system, and cows contract it by eating infected tissue. While cows are naturally herbivores, the beef industry turned them into cannibals by making meal ground from beef and beef bones a staple of the industrial cow's diet. In the wake of the British mad cow epidemic, the Food and Drug Administration banned beef and bone meal as cow feed.
But it is tempting for farmers and feedlots to violate the feed ban because the meal is a cheap protein source and can be kept on hand to feed chickens and pigs. Cows are fed at a million different sites in America, and the Government Accountability Office criticizes the F.D.A.'s inspection regime as insufficient and ridden with loopholes.
In addition, cattle blood, which is suspected of being able to carry infection, can legally be given to calves as part of a milk substitute. Industrial cows are also still fed material scooped from the bottom of chicken cages. The chicken manure is the safe part - spilled chicken feed, which can include the same beef and bone meal that has been banned as cow feed, is more dangerous.
After the first case of mad cow disease was found in America in 2003, the U.S.D.A. tightened the rules to remove some potentially infective nervous system tissue from slaughterhouse processing lines so it wouldn't slip into the food supply or contaminate other meat. But some nervous system tissue is still permitted, as long as it comes from cows under 30 months old.
This is not a perfect cutoff point - there have been cases of younger cows with mad cow disease in Britain and Japan. Nor can we be certain of a cow's age because the United States has no mandatory animal identification system, like the tattooing or ear tags used in other nations. Each slaughterhouse has workers who check cows for molars that erupt around 30 months. They also watch processing lines for brain and spinal cord tissue.
The U.S.D.A. says its inspectors can ensure that companies protect the beef supply. But whistle-blowing meat inspectors contend that they lack the power to do their job, and that the agency lets companies pile up violations without any penalties.
Boneless steaks and roasts are probably safe to eat. The riskiest meats are ground beef, hot dogs, taco fillings and pizza toppings - the things children love. These products can come out of "advanced meat recovery" machines: rubber fingers that strip a carcass clean. These machines are banned in Europe and Japan, and some American meatpackers have stopped using them.
Still, there's no law against them, even though a U.S.D.A. study in 2002 found that only 12 percent of the plants it examined consistently produced meat from these machines that was clean of nervous system tissue. Regulations have been tightened, but they still allow the use of these machines to include nervous system tissue as long as it comes from young cows.
Washington relies on its rules to keep mad cow disease out of the meat supply. But it doesn't test enough cows to know whether they work. America tests about 1 percent of the slaughtered cows, and recent experiences don't inspire confidence in the testing regime. The Agriculture Department initially said its tests on one of the two American cows found to be infected had shown the cow was healthy. The positive result came out only after the U.S.D.A.'s inspector general required British tests that the U.S.D.A. had said were unnecessary.
European countries test all animals over a certain age, and until recently, Japan tested every cow. More than 60 countries have completely or partly banned American beef, including Japan, the largest importer. Wider testing would probably open these markets. Creekstone Farms, a Kansas slaughterhouse, announced last year that it wanted to test all its cows. The U.S.D.A., which controls the mad-cow testing kits, said no; apparently major slaughterhouses feared that universal testing by Creekstone would create pressure on them to do the same.
Instead of winning other nations' trust by improving safety, Washington relies on clout. President Bush has personally lobbied Japan to accept American beef. Beef producers need not improve their safety practices when the Agriculture Department acts as their marketing arm. It is time for Americans to have the protection of a food safety agency separate from U.S.D.A.
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