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ProMED情報（詳細）
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記事番号 20040809-0090
重要度 Er
タイトル PROBush-meat trade and risk of disease transmission
感染症名
主症状
日付 0004/08/06
流行国
和訳概要 ブッシュミート(野生動物の肉)売買と感染症伝播のリスク#
情報源：New Scientist、8月9日。
ブッシュミート売買と新規病原体感染伝播のリスク。
ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)は、従来一般的に考えられていた2回ではなく、最近少なくとも断続的に7回(時期)に渡って、霊長類からヒトに種を超えて感染伝播（跳躍感染）した。
カメルーンでHIV 1型、2型、サル免疫不全ウイルス(SIV)いずれも検査陰性であるのに、HIV症状を発症する患者が発生していることから、HIV様ウイルスの新種株が野生動物に感染循環しており、その肉を食べるヒトに感染伝播していることが示唆される。こうした新種のウイルス株がすでに大きな被害を出している世界的なHIV汎流行をさらに増悪させるのではという懸念が出ている。
(以下、霊長類からヒトへの跳躍感染がブッシュミート摂取に原因があるとする仮説の解説と、その他霊長類から感染する疾患の解説、後略。）
情報詳細【和文】
ブッシュミート(野生動物の肉)売買と感染症伝播のリスク#
情報源：New Scientist、8月9日。
ブッシュミート売買と新規病原体感染伝播のリスク。
ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)は、従来一般的に考えられていた2回ではなく、最近少なくとも断続的に7回(時期)に渡って、霊長類からヒトに種を超えて感染伝播（跳躍感染）した。
カメルーンでHIV 1型、2型、サル免疫不全ウイルス(SIV)いずれも検査陰性であるのに、HIV症状を発症する患者が発生していることから、HIV様ウイルスの新種株が野生動物に感染循環しており、その肉を食べるヒトに感染伝播していることが示唆される。こうした新種のウイルス株がすでに大きな被害を出している世界的なHIV汎流行をさらに増悪させるのではという懸念が出ている。
(以下、霊長類からヒトへの跳躍感染がブッシュミート摂取に原因があるとする仮説の解説と、その他霊長類から感染する疾患の解説、後略。）
情報詳細【英文】
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Subject: PRO/AH> Bush-meat trade and risk of disease transmission
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BUSH-MEAT TRADE AND RISK OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
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A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Fri 6 Aug 2004
From: ProMED-mail
Source: New Scientist, Mon 9 Aug 2004 [edited]
<http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996239>
The bush-meat trade and risk of transmission of novel pathogens
-----------------------------------------------
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has jumped from primates to people on at
least 7 separate occasions in recent history, not twice as is commonly
thought. Now people in Cameroon are showing up with symptoms of HIV
infection, but, are testing negative for both the virus and its primate
equivalent, SIV, the virus from which HIV is thought to have evolved. That
suggests that new strains of an HIV-like virus are circulating in wild
animals and infecting people who eat them, sparking fears that such strains
could fuel an already disastrous global HIV pandemic.
The warnings come from experts who gathered this week [1st week August
2004] for the annual meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology at
Columbia University, New York. They say that deforestation, and the trade
in bush meat, are creating ideal conditions for new diseases to emerge, as
people have ever closer contact with exotic animals that harbor novel
pathogens.
The conference reports follow the discovery, earlier in 2004, that simian
foamy virus, another disease that infects monkeys, has been found in
bush-meat hunters, and, 3 different species of primates. As yet, it has not
caused ill-effects. "Basically, this is a virus looking for a disease,"
says William Karesh, director of the World Conservation Society's field
veterinary program.
Despite those concerns, we still do not have a clear idea of how many wild
animals are killed and eaten, David Wilkie, co-chair of the Bushmeat Crisis
Task Force (BCTF), told the conference. He has carried out the 1st-ever
survey of daily bush-meat consumption by rural communities in Gabon. Over 2
years, he documented a flourishing, but previously unrecognized, informal
trade in bush meat, in which rural communities hunted, and ate, small game,
having already caught most available primates. He thinks official studies
of bush meat sold in markets account for only 40 percent of the total bush
meat eaten in the country. "In the Congo basin alone, between one and 5
million metric tons of bush meat was consumed in 2003," says Heather Eves,
head of the BCTF, a non-governmental organization that monitors the trade.
And, the dangers of eating such animals are real. The BCTF points out that
SIV infection has now been reported in 26 different species of African
non-human primates, many of which are hunted and sold as food.
The bush-meat trade is not the only way new diseases could jump into
humans. The trade in wildlife, both for agriculture, and as pets, is a
major global business estimated to be worth billions of dollars. In 2002
alone, for instance, over 38 000 mammals, 365 000 birds, 2 million
reptiles, 49 million amphibians, and 216 million fish were imported into
the US. In 2003, monkeypox jumped from pet prairie dogs to their human
masters. That "was just a gentle wake-up call," says Tonie Rocke, an
epidemiologist with the US Geological Survey. Previously the disease had
only been known to infect humans after bush-meat hunters ate red colobus
monkeys. Rocke says there are few safeguards to prevent the spread of
diseases through the wildlife trade, and, is calling for stricter import
and quarantine restrictions.
The trade in exotic farmed meat also appears to have sparked an unusual
outbreak of a common human parasite called _Trichinella_. In 2004, a farmed
crocodile in Papua New Guinea was discovered with _Trichinella_, after
having been fed wild pig meat (Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol 10, p
1507). _Trichinella_ was only thought to infect mammals.
In 1999, another farmed crocodile in Zimbabwe was similarly infected.
"There is a strong chance that infected crocodiles may be in other
countries, and, could infect humans who eat them," says Edoardo Pozio, a
parasitologist at Rome's institute of public health. People in Papua New
Guinea who eat crocodile meat have already been found to have the parasite,
which can cause fever, rashes, and respiratory and neurological problems in
humans.
Rocke says that there are few safeguards to prevent the spread of diseases
through the wildlife trade, and is calling for stricter import and
quarantine restrictions.
[Byline: Amitabh Avasthi]
[see also:
Simian foamy virus, humans - Cameroon 20040319.0774
Simian foamy virus, humans - Cameroon (02) 20040322.0800]
....................cp/msp/mpp
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